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'J:\''M.^Ji-.  1','/-f^L-M-i^/ ' 


»      -^1  V 


9.9? 


Catalogue  of  the 
Coins  in  the  Indian  Museum 

Calcutta 

Including  the  Cabinet  of  the 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal 

Volume  I 

Part  III :  Persian  Mediaeval,  South  Indian,  and 
Miscellaneous  Coins 

By 

Vincent  A.  Smith 

M.A.,  F.R.N.S.,  M.R  A.S.,  I.C.S.  Retd. 


Published  for  the  Trustees  of  the  Indian  Museum 

Oxford 

At  the  Clarendon  Press 

1906 


HENRY  FROWDE,  M.A. 

PUBLISHER   TO   THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   OXFORD 

LONDON,  EDINBURGH 

NEW  YORK  AND  TORONTO 


CLJ 

3532 

1(^5 

^'  1. 

KG 

__2pt.3 

<o      ^- 

s7 

ADVERTISEMENT 

A  SMALL  separate  impression  of  Part  III  is  issued  for  the  convenience 
of  collectors  and  students  specially  interested  in  the  classes  of  coins 
treated  in  this  Part,  who  may  not  care  to  purchase  the  complete  volume. 
The  General  Introduction,  General  Index,  and  complete  Tables  of  Weights 
and  Measures  appear  in  that  volume  only.  Here  it  may  be  noted  that 
a  millimetre  is  almost  exactly  a^th  of  an  inch,  or,  in  other  words,  one 
inch  is  very  little  more  than  25  millimetres  ;  and  that  ten  English  grains 
are  equivalent  to  -648,  almost  two-thirds  of  a  gramme.  Weights  are 
given  in  English  grains,  and  measurements  in  decimals  of  an  inch. 


CONTENTS 

PART  III.     PERSIAN  MEDIAEVAL,  SOUTH  INDIAN,  AND 

MISCELLANEOUS  COINS 

PAGE 

Section   XII.     The  Sassanian  Dynasty  of  Peesia,  Intkoduction       .  217 

Catalogue,  Kings 220 

„  Arab  Goveenoes     .         .         .  229 

„  Coins  of  Bukhaea  .        .         .  230 

„  postsceipt     ....  231 

„       XIII.     Mediaeval   Indo-Sassanian   Coins,  including  those 

OF  the  White  Huns,  Inteoduction      .         .         .       232 

Catalogue  .         .         .        .234 

„        XIV.    The    Hindu    Kings    of    Ohind,    commonly    called 
'  Kings  of  Kabul  ',  feom  about  875  to  1000  a.  d., 

Inteoduction 243 

Catalogue 246 

„  XV.     The    Mediaeval    Dynasties    of    Centeal    India, 

Inteoduction 250 

Catalogue,  W.  Chedi 252 

„           Chandella 253 

„           E.  Chedi 254 

„        XVI.     The  Mediaeval  Dynasties  of  Noetheen  India, 

Inteoduction        .......  256 

Catalogue,  Tomaea  Dynasty  of  AjmTe  and  Delhi  259 
„           Rathor   or   Gaharwae   Dynasty   of 

Kanauj         .....  260 

„     Chauhan  Dynasty  of  Delhi  and 

AjmIr  ......  261 

„  Dynasty  of  Naewae  .         .         .         .262 

„  Sundry  Coins     .         .         .         .         .263 


IV 


CONTENTS 


» 


Section  XVII.    The  ITinbu  Coinage  of  Kashmir,  Tntrobuction 

Catalogue,  Early  Kings 

Utpala  Dynasty 
First  Lohara  J)ynasty 
„  Second  Lohara  Dynasty    . 

„     XVIII.     The  Coins  of  the  MaharIvjas  of  Kangra, 
Introduction       ..... 
Catalogue  ...... 

„        XIX.     Nepal  and  Champaran,  Introduction 

Catalogue,  Nepal 

„  Champaran 

„         XX.     The  North-Eastern  Frontier  Kingdoms  ;  Assam  and 
Minor  States,  Introduction 

Catalogue,  Assam    .... 
„  Jayantapura 

„  Manipur  and  Tipperah  . 

„  Chhota  Udaipur  and  Sikim 

„        XXI.     Western   and   Southern   India,  excluding  Vijaya 
nagar  and  mysore,  introduction 

Catalogue,  Eastern  Chalukya  Dynasty  of 

Vengi 

„  Western  Chalukya  Dynasty  of 

Kalyani 
„  Kadamba    Chiefs    of    Go  a,    and 

Ganga  Dynasty  of  Kalinga 
„  Travancore  State 

„  Early     Anonymous      Coins      of 

Southern  India 
„  Indo-European    . 

,,  Sundry  Coins 

„      XXII.     The  Kingdoms  of  Vuayanagar  and  Mysore, 
Introduction        ...... 

Catalogue,  Vuayanagar     .... 

„  Mysore 

„    XXIII.     The  Mediaeval  Coinage  of  Ceylon,  Introduction 

Catalogue 

„     XXIV'.     Coins  of  Arakan  and  Others,  Introduction 

Catalogue,  Arakan   . 

„  Sundry  Coins   . 

Index  of  Rulers,  &c,,.Part  III 


LIST   OF  PLATES 


XXIV.   Sassanian  Coins. 
XXV,   Indo-Sassanian  Coins. 
XXVI.  Coins  of  the  Hindu  Kings  of  Ohind  :   and  of  the  Mediaeval 

Dynasties  of  Central  and  Northern  India. 
XXVII.    Kashmir  and  Kangra. 
XXVIII.   Nepal  and  Champaran. 
XXIX.   The   North-Eastern  Frontier  Kingdoms;   Assam,  Jatantapura, 
Manipur,  Tipperah,  Chhota  Udaipur,  Sikim. 
XXX.    Western  and  Southern  India,  Vijayanagar,  Mysore. 
XXXI.   Ceylon,  Arakan  and  others. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


M 

•                    •                   • 

M 

•                    •                   • 

A.  S. 

B.      . 

N 

•                  • 

B.  M 

Br. 

•                  •                  • 

C.  A 

/.      . 

CM 

I.      . 

C.  S. 

I.      . 

diad. 

Ep.  Ind.     . 

I.  C. 

•                  •                  ■ 

I.  M. 

•                  •                  • 

Ind. 

Ant.  . 

J.  A. 

S.B. 

J.  R. 

A.  S.. 

Kb. 

•                  •                  • 

1. 

•                  •                  • 

L 

•                  •                  • 

mon. 

*                    m                     » 

obv. 

•                      •                      • 

Proc. 

A.  S.  B.     . 

r. 

•                  •                  • 

R.-C. 

«                  •                  • 

Rep. 

or  Reports  . 

rev. 

. 

sq. 

Z.  L 

K  M.  G. 

copper,  including  bronze. 

silver. 

Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 

gold. 

British  Museum. 

Brahml  script. 

Cunningham,  Coins  of  Ancient  India. 

ditto,  Coins  of  Mediaeval  India. 

Elliot,  Coins  of  Southern  India. 
wearing  diadem. 
Epigraphia  Indica. 
Rapson,  Indian  Coins. 
Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 
Indian  Antiquary,  Bombay. 
Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 

,,  ,,      Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

Kharoshthi  script, 
left,  of  reader, 
lead. 

monogram  or  similar  mark, 
obverse. 

Proceedings  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 
right,  of  reader. 

from  cabinet  of  Col.  Rivett-Carnac,  CLE. 
Reports  of  the  Archaeological  Survey  of  India  (old  series), 
reverse, 
square. 
Zeitschrift  der  deutschen  morgenldndischen  Gesellschaft. 


I 


J 


PART  III 

PERSIAN,  MEDIAEVAL,  SOUTH  INDIAN 
AND  MISCELLANEOUS  COINS 


Section  XII 


THE   SASSANIAN   DYNASTY   OF   PERSIA 


INTRODUCTION 


The  Sassaniau  dynasty  of  Persia,  which  succeeded  the  Arsakidan, 
lasted  for  more  than  four  centuries,  from  226  to  651  a.d.  The  following 
list  of  the  kings  was  compiled  by  the  late  Mr.  E,  Thomas,  chiefly  from 
Armenian  authorities,  with  corrections  from  independent  sources  {Num. 
Chron.,  1872,  p.  44 ;  Sassanians  in  Persia,  p.  12).  Other  authors  vary 
the  spelling  of  the  names,  and  give  the  dates  with  some  differences. 


1. 
2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 


The  Sassanian  Dynasty. 


Ardeshir  I,  Babekan 

Shapur  I 

Hormazd  I  . 

Varahran  (Bahram)  I 

Varahran  II 

Varahran  III  (Segan  Shah) 

Narsahi  (Narses,  Napo-^s) 

Hormazd  II 

Shapur  II  (Zu'laktaf ) 

Ardeshir  II  (Jamil) . 

Shapur  III  . 

Varahran  IV(Kerman  Shah 

Yezdegird  I  (Bazah-Kar) 

Varahran  V  (Gor)    . 

Yezdegird  II  (Sipah-dost) 

Hormazd  III 

Firoz 

Vagharsh  (BaXas)     . 

Kobad  (Nekrai,  '  the  Wise,' 

Khusru  I  (Naushirwan) 

Hormazd  IV  (Turk-zadah) 


KajidSr]- 


) 


Accession  a.  d. 
226 
240 
271 
272 
275 
292 
292 
301 
309 
380 
384 
386 
397 
417 
438 
457 
459 
486 
490' 
530-1 
578 


'  Special  abbreviations  in  this  Section  are : — B.  =  Bartholomaei ;  D,  =  Drouin;  K.  =  Kufic ; 
L.  =  Longperier  ;  P.  =  Pahlavi;  Th.  =  Thomas.  The  Sassanian  coins,  although  not  Indian, 
served  as  the  model  for  long  series  of  Indian  coinages  {post,  Section  XIII),  and  are  included 
in  the  catalogue  at  the  request  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Indian  Museum. 

2  Th.  omits  Jamasp,  who,  in  498  a.  d,,  temporarily  took  the  place  of  his  brother  Kobad 
(L.,  p.  70}. 


218  INTRODUCTION 

Accession  a.  d. 

22.  Khusru  II  (Parviz)  .....  590 

23.  Kobad  [II]  (Shiruiali,  Al-Ghasbum,  '  the  Iniquitous  ')  628 

24.  Ardeshir  III  ....  .  628 

25.  Slinlir-yar  (Khorham,  2apy5dpos)       .             .             .  629 
20.  Piirau-duklit  (daughter  of  Khusru  Parviz)  .             .  630 

27.  Khusru  [IIIj  .  .  .  .  .  \ 

28.  Azarmi-dukht(daughterof  Khusru,  widow  of  No.  25)  ^     631-2 

29.  Ilormazd  [V]  .  .  .  .  .J 

30.  Yezdegird  III  (son  of  No.  25,  according  to  Persian 

authorities ;   or  son  of  Kobad   and   grandson  of 
Khusru,  according  to  Armenian  chronicles)       632  (16  June)  to  651 
[Yezdegird  lived  until  September  651,  but  the  Sassa- 
nian  power  was  destroyed  by  the  Arabs  at  the  battle 
of  Nahavend  in  641,] 

The  coinage  exists  in  three  metals — gold,  silver,  and  copper.  The 
gold  coins  seem  to  be  scarce,  but  examples  of  the  other  metals,  especially 
the  silver,  are  abundant.  The  gold  pieces,  like  the  Kushan  and  Gupta 
gold  coinage  in  India,  are  struck  to  the  standard  of  the  reduced  Roman 
aureus.  The  only  gold  coins  included  in  this  catalogue,  three  specimens 
of  Shapiir  II  (309-80  a.  D.),  range  in  weight  from  109-2  to  112-3  English 
(Troy)  grains  (=  about  7-2  grammes),  and  so  agree  with  the  aureus  of 
45  to  the  pound.  The  heaviest  specimen  of  Shapur  I  (240-71  a.  d.)  in 
the  British  Museum  weighs  113  grains,  and  was  struck  to  the  same 
standard.  The  gold  coinage  of  Shapur  III  (384-6  A.  D.)  was  struck  to 
the  Constantinian  standard  of  72  aurei  to  the  pound,  and  does  not 
exceed  70  English  grains  (about  4|  grammes)  in  weight.^ 

The  silver  coinage,  on  the  other  hand,  as  in  India,  was  regulated  by 
the  standard  of  the  Greek  drachma ;  and  some  of  the  copper  coins  seem 
intended  to  follow  the  same  scale  of  weij^hts. 

The  gold  and  most  of  the  copper  coins  are  thick  in  fabric,  and  of 
moderate  diameter.  The  silver  pieces  are  nearly  all  extraordinarily 
thin  and  broad,  the  breadth  increasing  in  the  later  reigns,  and  attaining 
its  maximum,  1-35  inch,  in  the  seventh  century  under  the  Arab 
governors,  who  copied  the  issues  of  Khusru  II. 

The  type  of  the  Sassanian  coinage  varies  little  throughout  its  long 
history  ;  the  obverse  being  occupied  by  the  king's  bust,  almost  always 
turned  to  the  right,  and  the  reverse  by  a  portable  fire-altar,  with 
diifcrent  accessories.  On  the  earliest  coins  of  the  fii-st  kinor,  Ardeshir 
Babekan,  the  royal  portrait  is  distinctly  Parthian,  being,  in  fact, 
copied  from  the  hkeuess  of  Mithradates ;    but,  even  during  Ardeshirs 


'  The  weights  cited  by  L.  (pj).  13,  11)  are  given  in  Paris  grains. 


INTRODUCTION  219 

reign,  the  characteristic  Sassanian  crown  surmounted  by  a  globe  was 
introduced,  and  the  portrait  lost  its  purely  Parthian  look.  Wings,  as  an 
appendage  to  the  globe,  first  appear  on  the  coinage  of  Firoz  (459-86). 
Khusrii  II  (590-628)  dispensed  with  the  globe,  and  adopted  a  peculiar 
form  of  winged  head-gear,  which  continued  in  use,  without  material 
change,  to  the  end  of  the  dynasty,  and  was  copied  by  the  Arab 
governors  down  to  the  closing  years  of  the  seventh  century.  The 
legends,  in  the  old  Persian  language  and  Pahlavl  character,  are  excep- 
tionally difficult  to  read  and  interpret ;  and  satisfactory  arrangement 
of  the  coins  would  be  almost  impossible  but  for  the  circumstance  that 
nearly  every  king  prior  to  Khusru  II  adopted  a  distinctive  form  of 
head-dress,  as  well  as  peculiar  modifications  in  the  accessories  of  the 
type.  The  latest  coins  bear  supplemental  inscriptions  in  the  Arabic 
language  and  Kufic  script. 

No  information  is  available  concerning  the  provenance  of  the  coins 
now  catalogued,  which  form  a  fairly  representative  set,  although  its 
deficiencies  are  numerous. 

Interest  in  the  Sassanian  coinage  seems  to  have  died  out  of  late  years, 
and  nearly  all  the  standard  publications  on  the  subject  are  old.  No 
satisfactory  complete  account  has  been  published.  Longp^rier's  valuable 
Essai  b'lir  les  Meclailles  des  Rois  Ferses  de  la  Dynastie  Sassanide  (Paris, 
Didot),  appeared  in  1840,  and  naturally  contains  some  serious  errors 
(corrected  in  J.  M.  A.  8.,  1850,  p.  254,  note;  ibid.,  1852,  p.  407  ;  quoting 
Mordtmann  in  Z.  D.  M.  G.,  vols,  viii,  xii).  The  numerous  papers  by 
Mr.  Edward  Thomas  are  widely  scattered.  Those  contributed  by  him 
to  the  Num.  Chron.  in  1872  and  1873  were  reprinted  (Triibner,  1873) 
under  the  title  Numismatic  and  other  Antiquarian  Illustrations  of  the 
Rule  of  the  Sassanians  in  Persia  from,  a.  d.  226  to  652,  or  more  briefly, 
Sassanians  in  Persia.  This  work  (p.  11)  gives  a  bibliography  of  the 
subject.^  The  most  important  other  papers  by  Mr,  Thomas  are  'The 
Pehlvi  Coins  of  the  Early  Muhammadan  Arabs '  (/.  R.  A.  S.,  1850, 
vol.  xii) ;  and  '  Notes  Introductory  to  Sassanian  Mint  Monograms  and 
Gems,  with  a  Supplementary  Notice  on  the  Arabico-Pehlvi  Series 
of  Persian  Coins '  (ibid.,  1852,  vol.  xiii).  A  summary  description  of 
the  coins  of  each  reign  will  be  found  in  Canon  Rawlinson's  work,  The 
Seventh  Great  Onental  Monarchy,  which  is  the  most  convenient  pre- 
sentation of  Sassanian  history  for  English  readers.  The  best  collection 
of  plates  is  that  published  by  M.  Dorn  (St.  Petersbourg,  1873),  entitled 
Collection  de  Monnaies  Sccssanides  de  feu  le  Lieutenant- Geiieral  J.  de 
Bartholomaei,  but  no  text  accompanies  the  32  plates. 

^  Not  to  be  confounded  with  another  book  by  Mr.  Thomas  entitled  Early  Sassatiian 
Inscriptions  and  Coins;  and  Numismatic  and  other  Antiquarian  Illustrations  oj  the  Sassanians  in 
Persia,  2  vols.,  1868-73.     See  Postbci'ipt,  post.  p.  2-31. 


«v  ■■^  V 


THE   SASSANIA.N    DYNASTY    OF   PERSIA 


If  specialists  should  discover  defects  or  errors  in  my  description  of 
the  Sassauian  coins  in  this  catalogue,  I  trust  that  the  admitted  difficulty 
of  the  subject  may  be  deemed  sufficient  excuse.  Dr.  Codrington  kindly 
guided  me  to  the  necessary  books,  but  I  have  been  obliged  to  do  the 
best  I  could  with  the  coins. 


CATALOGUE 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  1.    ARDESHlR  I,  Babekan,  226-40  a.  d. 


IJI. 


M 


M 


6 


I.M. 

A.S.B. 

?5 

I.M. 

A.S.B. 

M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


Silver 

58-8  Head  of  king  r.,  plaited 
•95  beard  in  Parthian  style; 
round  -  topped  Parthian 
head-dress  Avith  ear-flaps ; 
no  globe.  Pahlavi  legend, 
beginning  behind  head,  1., 
Mazdisan  hagi  Artahshatr 
r.,  malkdn  malkd  Airdn, 
'  The  Ormazd  Avorshipper, 
divine  Artaxerxes,  king  of 
kings  of  Iran.' 

Similar,  with  globe  above 
L08  head-dress;  same  legend 
continuous,  with  addition, 
minuchatri  inin  Ya[^z^ddn, 
'  of  divine  origin  from  the 
gods,'  €Kyovos  Oewv. 

Copper 

167-5        Similar  to  No.  1 ;  imper- 
ii 02   feet  legend  as  No.  1,  omit- 
ting Airdn. 
212-7        Head   of  king  r.,  with 
1-08   plaited  beard;   head-dress 
surmounted  by  globe  ;  bust 
of  youth  (his  son  Shapur) 
I.,  facing  him ;   legend  il- 
legible. 


177-8 

1-1 

161 

1-1 

186 
M 


Similar;  legend  illegible. 


Ditto ;  ditto. 


Ditto;  ditto. 


Fire- altar  on  two-stepped 
pedestal,  with  broad  top, 
from  which  flames  spring  ; 
pendants  at  corners,  below 
which  are  vessels,  which 
seem  to  be  incense  holders 
('cassolettes  a  parfum',  L.). 
P.  legend,  r.,  Artahshatr, 
1.,  nurd  zi, '  the  fire  of  Arta- 
xerxes'(Tb.;  B.,P1.I,2,  3; 
Th.,  PI.  1,10;  L.,  PI.  I,  1; 
D.,  'Les  Legendes,'  p.  75).^ 

Similar ;  same  legend 
(PI.  XXIV,  1;  Th.,Pl.I,7). 


Similar  to  silver  coins ; 
same  legend. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXIV,  2). 


Ditto  ;  legend  illegible  ; 
poor. 

Ditto  ;  partly  legible  ; 
fair.  (The  legend  should  be 
Shdhputri  malkd,  D.) 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;  poor. 


•  Tlic  old  icidiiig  (L.)  was  yczddni,  'divine'     The  reading  /(("od  ct  was  determined  by 
Noeldclii  and  Drouiii.     i).  writoa  viw:UaiasH,  mallvdn  mulkd,  aud  Artukslietr. 


ARDESHiR  I  — HORMAZD   I 


221 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


4-9 


No.  3. 


A.S.B. 


No.  2. 


M 


65-5 
•98 


M 


JE 


JE 


63 
1-0 

170-8 
1-07 

153 
M5 


SHAPUR  (SAPOR)  I,  240-71  a.  d 
Silver 

Bust  of  king  r.,  with 
beard  tied;  head-dress  with 
three  principal  points,  sur- 
mounted by  globe,  and 
with  cheek  pieces.  Con- 
tinuous P.  legend,  begin- 
ning behind  head,  Mazdi- 
san  hagi  Shahpiihan^  mal- 
kdn  malkd  Airdn  minu- 
chatri  min  Yazddn,  '  The 
Ormazd  worshipper,  divine 
S.,  king  of  kings  of  Airan, 
of  divine  origin  from  tlie 
gods.' 

Similar. 


M         — 
1-07 


CojJ'per  {bronze) 

Similar  to  silver  coins, 
but  worn ;  legend  probably 
the  same. 

As  No.  3  ;  much  worn. 


Ditto ;  ditto. 


Fire-altar  on  two-stepped 
base,  narrower  at  top  than 
thatof  Ardeshlrl;  crescent 
on  shaft;  at  each  side  an 
attendant  standing  averted, 
grasping  scej^tre  or  spear, 
with  sword  at  his  side.  P. 
legend  r.,  Shahpuhari ;  1., 
mird  zi,  '  the  lire  of  S.' 
(L.,  PI.  Ill,  2,  3  ;  Th.,  PI. 
II,  3-6;  B.,  PI.  II).  In 
very  good  condition. 


Similar ;  poor. 


Device  as  on  silver  coins, 
except  that  altar  has  three 
steps  ;  nurd  zi  legible. 

As  No.  3  ;  in  fairly  good 
order;  n;7m  r*  distinct;  r. 
legend  difficult  to  read. 

Ditto  ;  in  bad  condition 
(L.,  PI.  Ill,  5,  with  two- 
stepped  altar). 


HORMAZD   I ;    PROVINCIAL   COINAGE    IN   (T)  SiSTAN, 

BY  (?)  Ardamitea,  about  271  A.  D. 

CopjJer 

JE         99        Parthian  head   1.,  with 
•9   mass  of  hair  behind  as  on 
coins  of  Pakores  [ante,  p. 
58) ;  legend  lost. 


^ 


M 


JE 


78 

•8 

95-5 

•92 


Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


Low  fire-altar,  without 
attendants,  and  with  in- 
cense vessels,  as  on  coins 
of  Ardeshlr  I.  P.  legend, 
1.  UUIUI;  r.  Uqi.  The 
rev.  is  slightly  concave. 

Similar  ;  only  a  few  cha- 
racters visible. 

Ditto ;  nothing  legible. 

Ditto;  ditto.2 


^  Shahpuhari  =  mod.  Pers.  shahsdda  (sMhsdda),  'king's  son,'  used  as  a  proper  name; 
Lat.  Siipnr  ;  Gr.  Xa-nojp.     The  spelling  Shapur  is  that  used  by  Mr.  Thomas. 

"^  M.  Drouin  {Rev.  Num.,  1895,  p.  52,  PI.  II,  1-8;  quoted  by  Rapson,  J.  R.  A.  S.,  1904, 
p.  678)  found  what  he  calls  •  the  normal  legend  of  Hormazd  I'  on  obv.  of  similar  coins, 
and  on  rev.,  in  at  least  one  case,  the  name  Ardamifm.  The  specimens  figured  by  him 
came  from  Turkestan  ;  that  described  by  Mr.  Rapson  from  Sistan.  The  provenance  of  the 
coins  now  catalogued  is  not  recorded.     The  legend  on  No.  1  is  not  Ardamitrn. 


0  00 


22 


THE   SASSAXIAN   DYNASTY   OF   PERSIA 


Reverse 


No.  4.    VARAHRAN  (BAHRAM)  I,  272-5  a.  d. 

Silver 


I.M. 


M  broken 
1-0 


Bust  of  king  r.,  with 
long  beard  plaited  in  Par- 
thian style ;  head-dress  has 
five  points  surmounted  by 
globe,  which  is  decorated 
with  trios  of  pellets ;  cheek- 
pieces.  Legend  defectiA'e 
and  difficult  to  read ;  ac- 
cording to  Th.  it  should  be 
Mazdtsan  hagi  Varahrdn 
markdn  markd  Airdn  [with 
sometimes  t>a  Anairdn]  mi- 
nuchatrt  min  Yazddn, '  The 
Ormazd- worshipper,  divine 
V. ,  king  of  kings  of  Airan 
[and  Anairan=Tiiran],  of 
divine  origin  from  the 
gods.' 


Fire-altar  with  base  of 
two  steps,  three  pellets  on 
shaft ;  on  1.  king  averted, 
wearing  crown  with  globe, 
holding  spear  or  sceptre  in 
r.  hand,  with  sword  at  side; 
on  r.  armed  attendant,  a- 
verted  from  altar.  Legend, 
1.  nurd  zi  ;  r.  broken  away 
(L..  PI.  in,  8  ;  Th.,  PL  III, 
1 ;  B.,  PI.  III). 


No.  5.     VARAHRAN  II,  275-92  A.  d. 

Silver 


A.S.n. 


I.M. 


M 


52-8 
1-05 


^l 


ring 
attached 
Ml 


Jugate  busts  of  king  and 
queen  r. ;  king  wears  dia- 
dem and  globe;  queen's 
head-dress  has  a  boar's  head 
in  front ;  opposite  them, 
facing  1.,  a  miniature  figure, 
probably  son  and  heir, 
wearing  head-dress  with 
eagle's  or  hawk's  beak  in 
front,  tenders  a  diadem. 
Legend,  legible  only  at  be- 
ginning, Mazdisan  bagi  \'a- 
rahrdn  markdn  markd  Ai- 
rdn wa  Anairdn  minuchatri 
min  Yazddn/  The  Ormazd- 
worshipper,  divine  Varah- 
ran,  king  of  kings  of  Ivan 
and  non-Iran  [  =  Tiiran],of 
divineorigin  from  the  gods.' 

Similar;  in  poor  condi- 
tion. 


Fire-altar  ontwo-stepped 
base,  attended  by  king  on 
1.,  wearing  globed  diadem, 
and  on  r.  by  the  queen,  who 
offers  a  chaplet.  In  upper 
field  two  symbols.  Legend, 
r.  niird  zi;  1.  damaged, 
Varahrdn  (L.,  PI.  IV,  5; 
Th.,  Num.  Chron.,  1872; 
Sassaiiians,  p.  32,  PI.  Ill, 
1-5). 


Similar,  but  queen  re- 
placed by  male  attendant ; 
poor. 


VARAHRAN  I  —  HORMAZD  II 


223 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  7.    NARSAHI  (NARSES),  292-301  a.  d. 

Silver 


I.M. 


M 


58-5 
1-0 


Bust  of  king  r. ;  beard 
tied,  with  pendant ;  crown 
foliated/  with  globe  above. 
Legend,  very  corrupt,  in- 
tended for  Mazdisan  bagi 
Narsahi  markdn  markd  mi- 
nuchatri  min  Yazddn. 


Fire-altar  ontwo-stepped 
base,  with  three  pellets  on 
shaft;  on  1.,  the  king  turned 
towards  altar  with  sceptre 
(spear),  sword,  and  globed 
crown ;  on  r.,  attendant 
turned  towards  altar  with 
siJear  and  sword.  Two 
symbols  above,  the  '  fero- 
har '  and  '  taurine '.  Le- 
gend, r.  Narsahi ;  1.  nurd 
zi,  corruptly  written. 


No.  8.    HORMAZD  II,  301-9  a.  d. 


A.S.B. 


M 


34-2 
•03 


M 


31.8 
•62 


M 


22 
•6 


A.S.B. 


M 


53 
■  56 


Copi^er 
Ormazd  type 

Bust  of  king  r.,  with 
short  tied  beard;  lion's 
head  and  mane  as  crest  on 
front  of  head-dress,  which 
is  surmounted  by  a  flower 
(?  rose)  in  place  of  the 
usual  globe.  Traces  of  le- 
gend Auharmazdi  in  front 
of  face. 

Bust  of  king  r.,  with 
short  tied  beard ;  crown  or 
diadem  has  five  pellets,  but 
no  lion's  head;  the  usual 
globe  above.  Legend  in 
front  of  face  Auharmazdi, 
behind  head  malkd,  '  King 
Hormazd.' 

Bust  of  king  r.,  with  a 
three-pointed  crown ;  no 
globe,  flower, or  lion's  head; 
no  trace  of  legend. 

Thick,  heavy  altar  type 

Bust  of  king  r. ;  lion's 
head  on  front  of  head-dress; 
no  legend. 


Fire-altar  on  broad  base, 
with  bust  of  Ormazd  rising 
from  top — his  arms  extend- 
ed, r.  hand  holding  royal 
diadem,  and  1.  hand  a  spear. 
Traces  of  legend  (PI.  XXIV, 
3). 


Device  as  on  No.  1 .  Th. 
(p.  41)  reads  Avasta  murta, 
'  image  of  Avasta,'  or  '  Or- 
mazd ',  but  I  cannot  make 
out  more  than  astamu  (PI. 
XXIV,  4).  Perhaps  the 
true  reading  is  apasfa,'  con- 
fidence,' D. 

Same  device  as  on  Nos. 
1  and  2,  treated  slightly 
differently;  legend  illegi- 
ble ;  in  poor  condition. 


Altar  with  heavy  base 
and  top  filling  field  ;  sym- 
bols on  shaft.  No  legend  ; 
rude,  polygonal  piece  (PI. 
XXIV,  5). 

•  Canon  Eawlinson  describes  the  foliated  branches  as  'horns  of  ibex  or  stag'. 


004. 


THE   SASSAXIAN   DYNASTY   OF   PERSIA 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Mt 

s 

•tal. 

islit, 

ize 

Obverse 

Reverse 

6 

A.S.Ii. 

^ 

49-9 

•  6 

51-5 

As  No.  4. 

As  No.  4. 

6 

>> 

^ 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

7 

>> 

Jil 

•l)0 

48 

•72 

59-2 

Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  in  bad  condition. 

8 

JE 

Somewhat  similar;  lion's 

Altar  of  different  form, 

9 

?> 

JE 

.66 

64 
•71 

scalp  indistinct ;   in  legend 
opposite  face  ma  legible. 
Generally  similar. 

filling  field  ;  no  legend. 

Altar  of  same  shape  as 
Nos.  3-7. 

2 
3 


6 
6 
7 
8 


No.  9.     SHAPtJR  (SAPOR)  II,  Zd'laktaf,  309-80  a.  d. 

Gold 


I.M. 


M 


109-2 
•76 


A^ 


A 


109-5 

-77 

112.3 

-8 


Bust  of  king  r.  ;  beard 
short,  with  pendant ;  crown 
three-pointed,  with  globe. 
Legend,  beginning  in  front 
of  face,  difficult  to  read, 
seems  to  be  Mazdlsan  bagt 
Shahpuhari  malkdn  malkd, 
'  The  worshipper  of  Ormazd, 
divine  S.,  king  of  kings.' 

Similar ;  legend  obscure. 

Ditto;  ditto. 


Silver 


A.S.B.'JR      63'3 1      Similar   to    gold   coins; 
1-0   mazdimn  hagl  Shd{?)  on  r. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 

62 

•9 

JR 

63-4 

-85 

M 

61-3 

-95 

JE 

•91 


margin. 


Similar ;  legend  obscure. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 
Similar;  much  worn. 


Broad-topped  fire-altar, 
without  attendants,  flanked 
by  incense  vases, as  on  coins 
of  Ardeshir  I.  Marginal 
legend  uncertain ;  to  r.  of 
altar  malkai,  'royal'  (PI. 
XXIV,  6;  see  L.,  PI.  VI,  2: 
Th.,  Num.  Chron.,  1872, 
p.  273). 

Similar;  legend  marginal 
only,  not  read. 

Ditto  ;  ditto ;  legend  at 
top  (B.,  PI.  VII,  6). 


Roughly  designed  nar- 
row fire-altar,  with  indica- 
tion of  bust  in  flame  ;  on 
each  side  an  attendant  with 
spear  or  sceptre,  turned  to- 
wards altar  ;  single  line  of 
beading ;  no  legend. 

Similar ;  worn ;  traces 
of  legend. 

Ditto ;  ditto  ;  no  legend. 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;  ditto. 


Apparently 
much  defaced. 


similar 


SHAPUR   II  — YEZDEGIRD   I 


225 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  11.     SHAPUR  (SAPOR)  III,  384-6  a.d. 

Silver 


l.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 


M 


l.M. 


M 


56 
M 


62-7 
1-02 


48-6 
.63 


Bust  of  king  r.,  with  flat- 
topped  cap  and  globe.  Le- 
gend, mazdisan  hagi  Shah- 
puhari,  in  four  sections. 

Similar ;  worn.  Legend, 
mazdisan  bagi  Shahpuhari 
malkdn,  in  three  sections. 

Copper 

Bust  of  king,  with  cha- 
racteristic flat-topped  head- 
dress, but  no  globe  nor  le- 
gend. 


Fire-altar  with  bust  and 
attendants,  as  on  coins  of 
Shapur  II ;  no  legend. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 


Altar  with  broad  base 
and  top  and  symbol  on 
shaft,  filling  field,  as  on 
coins  of  Hormazd  II ;  no 
legend  (Pi.  XXIV,  7), 


No.  12. 


l.M. 


VARAHRAN  IV  (KERMAN  SHAH),  386-97  a.  d. 

Silver 


3 


M 

53-1 

•93 

M 

65 

1.18 

M 

65-1 

•94 

King's  bust  r.,  with  a 
curved  plume  at  back  of 
head-dress.  Legend  in  very 
clear  script,  [  Va^^rahrdn 
malkdn  ma\l\kd,  '  V.,  king 
of  kings.' 

Bust  of  king  r.,  but  with 
a  wing  instead  of  curved 
plume  at  back  of  head- 
dress. Legend  in  front  of 
face  not  read. 

Bust  and  plume  as  on 
No.  1 ;   Varahrdn  legible. 


Fire-altar,  with  head  of 
Ormazd  r.  in  flame ;  at- 
tendants with  spears,turned 
towards  altar;  no  legend. 


Similar,  with  head  r. ;  in 
bad  condition  (apparently 
this  coin  must  belong  to  V. 
IV). 

Similar,  but  no  head  in 
flame ;  legend  illegible. 


No.  13.    YEZDEGIRD  I  (BAZAH-KAR),  397-417  a.d. 


2 


l.M. 


M 


58-7 
1-1 


M 


60.1 
1.2 


Bust  of  king  r. ;  crown 
small,  with  globe  above  and 
crescent  in  front ;  long  le- 
gend not  read.  (D.  reads 
mazdaiasn  bagi  rdmshetri 
Yazdekerti  malkdn  malkd 
Airdn.) 

Generally  similar,  but 
face  has  an  Indian  look, 
and  the  legend  before  face 
only,  not  read. 

Q 


Fire-altar  with  atten- 
dants turned  towards  it ; 
rdsti, '  truth,'  (Th.  ;  'good,' 
D.)  on  shaft ;  a  '  taurine  ' 
symbol  on  each  side  of  flame, 
and  a  plain  crescent  1.  Le- 
gend, 1.  illegible;  r.  (?)  ai«, 
apparently  the  mint,  till. 

Generally  similar,  but 
without  the  extra  crescent; 
no  legend  (attribution 
doubtful). 


1 


226 


THE  SASSANIAN   DYNASTY   OF  PERSIA 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Motal, 

W.iglit, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  14.    VARAHRAN  V  (BAHRAM  GOR),  417-38  a.d. 


l.M. 


/R 


Gl 
M3 


m. 


G5 
1-25 


Silver 

Bust  of  king  r.  ;  two- 
pointed  crown  surmounted 
by  crescent  containing 
globe.  Legend  begins  Va- 
rahrdn  (or  Valahldn)  mal- 
kd,  rest  not  read. 


Bust  of  king  r. ;  head- 
dress a  low  crown  sur- 
mounted by  globe  with 
wings.  Legend,  r.(?)Lur  Fa- 
rahrdn;  l.kadi,'  fortunate,' 
'victorious  Varahran';  but 
meaning  of  Lur  not  known. 


Fire-altar  with  conical 
flame  ;  head  of  Ormazd  r., 
inserted  in  upper  part  of 
altar  below  flame ;  an  at- 
tendant on  each  side  with 
spear  presenting  arms  to 
altar.  Legend,  1.  Fara^mn, 
imperfect;  r.^i(?  =  Airan), 
the  mint  (Th.,  PI.  VII,  8, 
same  mint ;  L.,  PI.  VIII,  5, 
mint  Wah  ;  B.,  PI.  XII). 

Altar  with  three  steps; 
no  head  of  Ormazd ;  atten- 
dants with  high  caps  pre- 
senting arms;  no  legend 
(PL  XXIV,  8.  This  coin 
does  not  seem  to  agree  with 
any  published). 


No.  15.     YEZDEGIRD  II,  438-57  a.  d. 


I.M. 


M 


61-4 
1-2 


Silver 

Bust  of  king  r. ;  three- 
pointed  crown  surmounted 
by  crescent  containing 
globe.  Legend,  RdmsJiatri 
(?)  Izdakarti.  (According 
to  D.,  the  coins  with  legend 
rdmshetri  Yazdekertiholon^ 
to  y.  I.  Rdmshetri  =  rdmi 
kshatra,  *  pros]jerity  of  the 
empire.') 


Two-stepped  altar  with 
conical  flame  :  no  Ormazd 
head;  rds[ti],  'truth,'  on 
shaft;  attendant  on  each 
side  presenting  arms.  Le- 
gend, 1.  seems  to  be  nudah, 
'nineteen'  (scil.  regnal 
year)  ;  r.  Wah  or  Vah,  ini- 
tialsyllableof  amint-name. 
(See  B.,  PI.  XIII;  L.,  PI. 
VIII,  3,  4,  erroneously  as- 
cribed to  Y.  I;  Th.,  PI.  V, 
4  ;  but  the  legend  there  is 
Kadi  Izdakarti.) 


No.  17.     FiROZ,  459-86  a.d. 


I.M. 


A\ 


61-8 
M2 


Silver 

Bust  of  king  r. ;  crown, 
surmounted  by  crescent 
containing  globe,  nearly  a- 
greeiug  in  shape  with  that 
of  Yezdegird  II ;  a  small 
figure  1.  on  r.  margin  (young 


Three-stepped,  narrow 
altar ;  attendants  rudely 
outlined,  turned  towards 
altar,  but  without  spears ; 
star  above  I.,  crescent  r. ; 
legend,  1.  tarin, '  two '  (reg- 


VARAHRAN  V  —  KOBAD   I 


227 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Eovorso 


LM. 


/R      63-5 
1-0 


M      62-2 
M 


M      54-8 
1-02 


Firoz  ?)  offers  the  king  a 
diadem.  Behind  king's 
head,  Ram  (the  name  of 
guardian  of  Firoz);  no  other 
legend. 


Bust  of  king  r. ;  small 
two-pointed  crown,  sur- 
mounted by  crescent  con- 
taining globe ;  wide  blank 
margin.  Legend,  badly- 
executed.  Kadi  Firuchi, 
'  King  Firoz,'  Th.  (Kadi  = 
'fortunate,"  victorious,'©.) 

Bust  of  king  r. ;  small 
crown  surmounted  by 
wings,  crescent,  and  globe, 
crescent  in  front  j  legend 
not  read. 

As  No.  3. 


nal  year);  r.  ilfar  {=Merv), 
mint  (B.,  PI.  XVIII,  6,  same 
date  and  mint;  wrongly 
assigned  to  Jamasp ;  L., 
PI.  IX,  4;  Th.,  PI.  V,  12, 
13,  wrongly  assigned  to 
Hormazd  III).' 

Fire-altar,  three-stepped; 
attendants  turned  towards 
it,  without  spears  ;  star  1., 
crescent  r.  Legend,  1.,  a 
single  large  character,  ap- 
parently ma;  r.  IFa^or  Vah, 
initial  syllable  of  mint  (PI. 
XXIV,  9).^ 

Similar  to  No.  2.  Le- 
gend, 1.  illegible,  a  date; 
r.  Nah  (?  =  Nahavend), 
mint. 

As  No.  3 ;  mint  Nab,  or 
(?)  Ni. 


No.  19.    KOBAD  I.  490-531  A.  d. 


Silver 

Bust  of  king  r. ;  small 
head-dress  with  crescent  in 
front,  and  crescent,  globe, 
and  wings  above;  two  stars 
and  two  crescents  in  field ; 
three  crescents  enclosing 
stars  on  margin.  Legend, 
r.,  in  minute  characters, 
Kudt ;  no  1.  legend. 

Similar  ;  worn  ;  only 
trace  of  name. 


A.S.B.    M         60       Bust  of  king  r. ;    small        Narrow,     three-stepped 
1-18   head-dress  with  crescent  in   altar  with  conical  ilame; 

attendants  rudely  indicat- 
ed; star  1.,  crescent  r.  Date, 
I.  haf  ^  =  hafdah,l7);  mint, 
r.  Lad  or  Rad. 


I.M.      M      57-7        Similar;     worn;     only        Similar;  date, sIr(iaA,  16; 
1.18  trace  of  name.  mint.  As.  (Th.,  PI.  VI,  3,  5  ; 

L.,  PI.  X,  3  (corrected  J.  R. 
A.  S.,  1852,  p.  407);  B., 
PI.  XVII,  and  XIX,  16-20). 


*  As  Rawlinson  points  out  (Seventh  Or.  Hon.,  p.  327),  Ram  was  the  guardian  or  tutor 
(preeepteur)  of  Firoz,  not  of  Hormazd  III,  as  erroneously  asserted  by  Th.  {Sassanians, 
p.  67),  This  being  so,  it  is  natural  to  intei-pret  these  coins  as  issued  by  Ram  on  behalf  of 
young  Firoz,  whose  father's  portrait  is  given  the  principal  place.  The  coins  assigned  by 
L.,  PI.  IX,  1,  to  Hormazd  III  are  Indo-Sassanian  of  Kabul,  and  will  be  described  in  the 
next  section.    No  coins  of  Hormazd  III  are  known. 

*  Indian  imitations  will  be  described  in  the  next  section. 

Q   2 


228 


THE   SASSANIAN   DYNASTY   OF    PERSIA 


I 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal. 

Woiglit, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


I.M. 


M 


No.  20.     KHUSra'T  I  (NUSHiRVAN),  531-78  a.d. 


62 

1-2 


loop      at- 
tached 


Silver 

Bust  of  king  r. ;  crown 
small,  with  point  on  top, 
crescent  and  star  in  front, 
globe  above;  three  crescents 
without  stars  on  margin. 
Legend,  r.  KJiusrm;  1.  af- 
ztin,-='  Khusru  increasing.' 

Similar;  worn. 


Two-stepped  altar,  with 
conical  flame ;  attendants 
facing,  holding  in  front 
swords  with  points  on 
ground.  Date,  slzsih,  33  ; 
mint,  Ndh  or  Nlh. 

Similar.  Date,  fann,  2; 
mint,  Am. 


No.  21  a.     VARAHRAN  CHOBiN  (VI),  in  reign  of  No.  21, 
HoRMAZD  IV,  about  579  A.  D.  (590,  D.) 


A.S.Ii. 


M      56-] 


Silver 
Rude  copy  of  device  on 


1-22  No.  1  of  Varahran  V.  Le 
gend  begins  with  Varahran, 
rest  not  read ;  a  counter- 
mark on  margin.  (Possibly 
a  coin  of  Varahran  V — see 
D.  '  Les  Legendes,'  p.  105.) 


Rude  copy  of  altar  of 
Varahran  V,  with  head  of 
Ormazd  r.  in  upper  part ; 
no  legend  (PL  XXIV,  10; 
Th.,  Sassanians,  p.  77 ;  Ind. 
Ant.,  VIII,  p.  270;  not  in 
L.  or  B.    A  camp  currency). 


No.  22.     KHUSRU  II  (PARVIZ),  590-628  a.d. 

Silver 


1    A.s.n. 


3 
4 
6 
6 


I.M. 


M 


M 


50-3 
1-3 


.R      03-8 
1-3 

M      62-2 
1-3 


)3-l 


1-2 

M      51-3 

1-2 

A.S.Ii.    M      54-4 
1-22 


Bust  of  king  r. ;  crown 
surmounted  by  spreading 
wings  enclosing  star  in 
crescent;  three  similar  stars 
and  crescent  on  margin. 
Legend,  1.  afzut,  'increase'; 
r.  Khusruh  (also  read  Khus- 
riii  or  IIuslui). 

Similar. 


Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Ditto;  K.  bismillah  on 
margin. 

Ditto;  P.  a/at  on  margin. 
(D.  reads  aji(l:='  praise  '.) 


Narrow  fire-altar  with 
rounded  outline ;  crescent 
r.  and  star  1.  above  ;  atten- 
dants facing  front,  a  cres- 
cent over  each ;  triple 
beaded  circle.  Date,  1.  seems 
to  be  shashsih,  36  ;  r.  mint, 
yl^am  (PI.  XXIV,  11). 

Similar;  date,  apparent- 
ly chaharsih,  34 ;  mint, 
Aham. 

Ditto  ;  date,  haftsih,  37  ; 
mint,  Aham. 

Ditto;  date,  hashtsih,38-, 
mint,  Aham. 

Ditto;  date,  {?)  nnsih, 
39 ;  mint,  (?). 

Ditto ;  date,  sih,  30 ; 
mint,  Sht. 


KHUSRIJ   I  — OBEIDALLAH  BIN  ZlAD 


229 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

7 

A.S.B. 

M 

59 
1-3 

As  No.  6. 

As  No.  6  ;  date,  sizsih, 
33  ;  mint,  Ral. 

8 

I.M. 

Ai 

56-3 
1-28 

Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  date,  (?) ;  mint, 
Mar  {=  Merv). 

9 

7> 

M 

62 
1-21 

Ditto;  P.  afbt  on  margin. 

Ditto  ;  date,  ]}anj&ih,  35  ; 
mint,  Nih. 

10 

T> 

M 

63-5 

Similar ;  but  with  small 

Similar;  but  no  crescents 

1-25 

crown,  like  that  of  Khusru 
I ;  same  legends,  none  on 
margin ;  stars  in  crescents 
on  margin  as  on  coins  of 
Kh.  II. 

over  attendants ;  date, 
khamshl,  5  ;  mint,  Ral. 

11 

A.S.B. 

M 

61-7 

Similar;  damaged;  head 

Similar;  date,/m/sy//,  37; 

1-26 

like  that  of  Firoz. 

mint,  Ral. 

1 

I.M. 

J£> 

63 

•7 

2 

» 

M 

51 

•77 

3 

)5 

M 

50 
■68 

UNCERTAIN 

Copper  [bronze) 

Bust  of  king  r.,  wearing 
low  cap,  radiate  ;  some  ob- 
scure P.  characters  in  front 
of  face. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 


Ill-executed  altar,  with 
attendants  holding  spears, 
turned  towards  it ;  no  le- 
gend (PI.  XXIV,  12). 

Similar  (PI.  XXIV,  13). 

Ditto.^ 


THE  ARAB   GOVERNORS   OF   PERSIA 

Silver 

No.  2.     OBEIDALLAH  BIN  ZlAD,  d.  67  a.  h.  =  686-7  a.  d.^ 


A.S.B. 


JR      55-2 
1-22 


Bust  of  king  r.,  as  of 
Khusru  II ;  double  bead- 
ing ;  broad  margin.  Le- 
gend, 1,  behind  head,  P.  af- 
ziit ;  r.  before  face  in  two 
lines,  P. 

(1)  Obeitdld,  =  ^1:ljj1. 

(2)  I  Ziyydtd7i  =  ^j\3VI\  {j. 
On  margin  crescents  with 
stars,  K.  bisrnillali,  aSJI  *~j 
and  P.  ma. 


Narrow  fire -altar  with 
attendants,  as  on  coins  of 
Khusru  II,  in  triple  bead- 
ing; four  crescents  with 
stars  in  margin.  Date,  I. 
(?)  doshast,  62 ;  mint,  r. 
Rad  or  Lad  (J.  R.  A.  S., 
1850,  p.  290). 


^  These    coins    (Nos.    15921-6)   probably   were    found    together.      They    £,eem    to   be 
unpul>liHhcd. 

^  The  spelling  of  Arabic  words  follows  Th. 


230 


THE  SASSANIAN    DYNASTY    OF   PERSIA 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  3.    SALiM  BIN  ZIAD,  about  same  date 


Similar.  Date, panjshast, 
65  A.  H.  =(684-5  A.D.); 
mint,  Marv. 


I.M.  M  62-5  Similar;  in  margin  K. 
1-27  hismillah,  a  horseshoe- 
shaped  countermark,  and 
two  trios  of  pellets  next  the 
star  and  crescent  at  bottom. 
P.  legend,  1.  afzut;  r.,  in 
two  lines,  (1)  Sallmi,  (2) 
Ziyydtdn. 

No.  5.    ABDALLAH  BIN  HAZIM,  d.  72  a.  h.  =  691-2  a.  d. 


I.M. 


M 


62 
1.36 


Same  in  all  respects  as 
No.  2,  except  that  legend 
1.  is  P.  (1)  Apduld,  (2)  I 
Hazmdn. 


Similar.  Date,  sishasty 
63  a.  h.  (=  682-3  A.D.); 
mint,  Marv. 


UNCERTAIN,  (?)  No.  IX,  OmIah  bin  Abdallah,  692,  693  a.  d. 


I.M.     M      59-1        Bust  of  king  as  usual;       Device  as  usual  in  triple 
1-32   on    margin,   K.   bismillah   beading,  outside  which  is 

a  margin  with  marks  and 
legend  not  read,  surround- 
ed by  a  fourth  beading. 
Date  seems  to  be  arbd,  4  ; 
mint,  Khurdsdn  (PL  XXIV, 
14).  (SeeJ.  iJ.^.S.,  1850, 
p.  307.) 


Bust  of  king  as  usual ; 
on  margin,  K.  hismillah 
and  P.  legend,  (?)  Omiya 
Apduld ;  a  countermark, 
and  two  trios  of  pellets  next 
crescent  and  star  at  bottom. 
P.  legend,  1.  afzUt;  r.  not 
read. 

UNCERTAIN 

Device  as  usual ;  in  mar- 
gin P.  a/ab.  P.  legend,  1. 
a/cut ;  X.  Or . ..  (or  01 .  .  .). 


I.M.      M      27-5       Device  as  usual ;  in  mar-       Device  as  usual ;  on  mar- 
•9   gin  P.  a/afe.     P.  legend,  1.   gin  four  crescents  with  stars 

and  four  trios  of  pellets. 
Date  and  mint  not  read. 
(See  /.  R.  A.  S.,  1850,  p. 
254  n.,  quoting  Fraehn  in 
J.  As.,t.  iv(1824),  p.  335; 
L.,  PI.  XII,  3,  wrongly 
ascribed.) 

BILINGUAL  COINS  OF   MUHAMMAD   THE  MAHDl   OF 
BUKHARA,  ABOUT  760  a.  d,,  imitated  from  coins  of 

Varahran  ChobIn 

Silver 


A.S.B. 


Ai 


43-1 
1-0 


Bust  of  kiug  r.,  iu  crude 
outline,  imitating  the 'camp 
coinage  '  of  Varahran  Cho- 
bIn ;  crown  surmounted  by 


Two-stepped  fire-altar, 
rudely  outlined,  with  at- 
tendants barely  recogniz- 
able ;  no  legend. 


PLATE    XXIV 


^iiil^jg^ 


f 


"^L.^^ 


/.^ag^at. 


3 
/E 


A/ 


>;^ 


/    ^' 


■~-         i'' 


/R 


,f^[^^|i?N\^i 


^^^.- 


'L:V 


to 


/R 


13 


SASSANIAN    COINS 


SALiM   BIN   ZIAD  —  MUHAMMAD   THE   MAHDI 


231 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

crescent  and  ball.     Bilin- 

gual legend  ;  P.  r.  in  pecu- 

liar script,  Pohwdr  Huwa- 

ddo,  j'jj_jii  j\yi>jl,  equiva- 

lent to  Bukhara  Khudddt, 

the  title  of  the  prince  who 

first  struck  this  type  in  632 

A.D.      K,   legend,    1.    ^j.1,. 

Sunni,  '  the  orthodox.'  " 

2 

A.S.B. 

Al      46-1 

Similar  ;  in  better  condi- 

Similar;  the  head  in  the 

1-02 

tion  ;  P.  legend  as  on  No.  1 ; 
K.  legend,  also  the  same, 
Sunni,  ^.'.,, '  the  orthodox.' 

Globe  instead  of  crescent 
and  ball  above  crown. 

upper  part  of  the  altar  is 
more  distinct. 

3 

J3 

Al broken 
•96 

Similar  to  No.   1,  with 
crescent    and    ball    above 
crown.     P.  legend   imper- 
fect; K.  \egQn6.,  Al-mahdi, 
(jj^l,  '  the  guide.' 

Similar.^ 

^  Tins  curious  coinage  has  been  fully  described  and  illustrated  by  Mr.  Thomas  in  Ind. 
Ant,  vol.  viii  (1879),  p.  269  ;  Num.  Chron.,  1881,  pp.  116-128,  PI.  VI,  in  connexion  with  the 
issues  of  Varahran  Chobln.  When  the  notice  by  the  same  author  in  Prinsep's  Essaijs, 
ii.  116  was  written,  the  legends  had  not  been  completely  deciphered.  Probably  the 
specimens  catalogued  come  from  the  hoard  found  in  Kulu,  where  coins  of  Varahran 
Chobin  were  associated  with  the  Bukharan  imitations  {I.  A.  utsup.,  p.  270). 


POSTSCEIPT. 

When  writing  the  catalogue  I  overlooked  two  important  papers  by  the  late  M.  Drouin, 
namely,  '  Histoire  de  I'Epigrai^hie  Sassanide '  (Aper9u  sommaire  ;  memoire  lu  a  la 
section  Iranienne  duCongres  des  Orientalistes  tenuaParis  en  Septembre  1897) ;  and  '  Les 
Legendes  des  Mounaies  Sassanides '  {Revue  Archeologique,  1898).  The  former  gives  a  full 
bibliography  of  all  publications  on  Sassanian  matters,  including  the  coins.  The  latter 
gives  amended  readings  of  all  the  coin  legends.  The  more  important  corrections  have 
been  inserted  in  the  proofs.  M.  Drouin  describes  Mordtmann's  memoir  in  Z.  D.  M.  G.  for 
1854  as  '  un  vaste  travail  d'ensemble  qui  a  servi  de  base  atous  lesouvrages  posterieurs  sur 
la  matiere '.  Subsequent  papers  by  Mordtmann  appeared  in  1857,  1865,  1879  and  1880. 
The  memoir  published  in  1879  is  a  complete  treatise  on  the  numismatic  history  of  the 
Arab  Governors  of  Persia,  while  the  posthumous  memoir  of  1880  brings  the  earlier  essays 
up  to  date.  According  to  M.  Drouin,  the  essays  of  Mordtmann,  combined  with  the  plates 
of  Bartholomaei,  should  be  used  still  as  the  basis  of  all  Sassanian  studies.  The  only 
published  catalogue  of  Sassanian  coins  is  that  by  M.  A.  de  Markoff  (1889),  describing  about 
500  coins  of  the  Sassanian  series  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Institut  des  Langues  Orientales  at 
St.  Petersburg. 


Section   XIII 

MEDIAEVAL    INDOSASSANIAN    COINS, 
INCLUDING  THOSE  OF  THE  WHITE  HUNS 

INTRODUCTION 

The  heterogeneous  coins  grouped  together  in  this  Section  belong  to 
•widely  separated  localities,  and  probably  extend  over  a  period  of  six 
centuries,  from  about  500  to  1100  a.  d.  Few  of  them  can  be  assigned 
with  confidence  to  any  particular  kingdom  or  ruler ;  in  fact,  the  only 
ceiiain  assignments  to  rulers  of  known  date  and  place  are  those  of  the 
better  Adi-vardha  coins  to  Bhojadeva  I,  king  of  Kanauj  from  about 
840-90  A.  D.,  and  of  certain  White  Hun  pieces  to  Toramana  and  Mihi- 
ragula,  between  490  and  540  a.  d.  A  morphological  classification  has, 
therefore,  been  found  convenient,  the  bond  of  union  being  the  common 
descent  of  the  whole  group  from  the  Sassanian  coinage  described  in 
the  last  section.  Regarded  in  this  light,  these  barbarous  coins  are 
interesting  as  examples  of  numismatic  degradation. 

The  note  in  the  catalogue  gives  full  references  concerning  the  coin 
of  Vahi-(a^.  Shahi-)tigin,  who  was  probably  a  king  of  Multan  about 
500  a.  d.  The  next  coin  catalogued  certainly  bears  the  name  of  King 
Napki  in  Pahlavi.  The  five  coins  assigned  to  Napki  are  all  very  much 
alike,  but  Nos.  2  and  3  replace  the  ordinary  Pahlavi  Na  by  a  peculiar 
character.  The  provenance  indicates  that  Napki  ruled  at  Kabul,  and 
he  may  be  assigned  doubtfully  to  the  fifth  century.  The  note  in  the 
catalogue  gives  the  necessary  references.  The  '  solar  type '  coins  with 
the  legend  Tora  in  bold  Brahml  script  may  be  attributed  with  con- 
fidence to  the  Toramana,  a  White  Hun  or  Ephthalite  chief,  who  led  his 
horde  into  India  about  490  a.  d.,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  Indian 
dominions  about  510  a.  d.  by  his  son  Mihiragula  or  Mihirakula.  The 
'  bull  typo '  coins  which  bear  the  name  of  the  latter  certainly  belong 
to  the  son  of  Toramaaa,  and  often  are  restruck  on  the  coins  of  that 
prince.  Dr.  Fleet  has  shown  recently  that  Sitdkot  in  the  Panjab 
represents  Sakala,  the  Indian  capital  of  Mihiragula.^      The  White  Huns 

'  'S.agala,  Sak.ila,  the  City  of  Milinda  and  Mihirakula'  {Ades  du  A'lV  Congres  Intern, 
dcs  Or.,  I.  I,  1U05). 


INTRODUCTION  233 

issued  no  coinage  with  types  of  their  own,  being  content  with  barbarous 
imitations  of  the  coins  of  the  countries  which  tliey  overran  during  the 
fifth  and  sixth  centuries.  Many  of  the  White  Hun  coins  are  anonymous, 
but  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  mark,  which  Cunningham  named  the 
«  Ephthalite  symbol '  (see  PL  XXV,  6,  7). 

The  base  silver  coinage  imitating  the  later  issues  of  Firoz,  the 
Sassanian  king  killed  by  the  Ephthalites  or  White  Huns  in  488  a.  d., 
probably  was  struck  first  by  Toramana  at  the  close  of  the  fifth  century, 
but  still  more  degraded  copies  continued  to  be  issued  much  longer 
(PI.  XXV,  8-17). 

This  class  of  coins  comes,  so  far  as  is  recorded,  chiefly  from 
Eajputana.  The  eastern  or  Magadha  type  (PI.  XXV,  10)  preserves  very 
faint  recollections  of  either  the  Sassanian  head  or  the  fire-altar,  although 
both  may  be  traced  on  the  better  specimens.  The  pieces  which  bear 
the  legend  Sri  Vi  or  i^rl  Vigra  may  be  assigned  with  almost  positive 
certainty  to  one  or  other  of  the  kings  of  Magadha  named  Vigraha-pala. 
The  least  barbarous  specimens  seem  to  have  been  issued  by  the  first 
king  of  that  name,  about  900  a.  d.  The  wholly  corrupt  copies  may  be 
as  late  as  the  time  of  Vigraha-pala  III,  in  the  middle  of  the  eleventh 
century. 

The  curious  coinage  known  by  the  popular  name  Gadhaiya,  or 
Gadhiya,  of  uncertain  derivation,  seems  at  first  sight  to  have  no 
intelligible  device.  But  study  of  extensive  series  convinced  numis- 
matists long  ago  that  the  apparently  meaningless  marks  are  simply 
extreme  degradations  of  the  ancient  Sassanian  type  (PL  XXV,  11-17). 
A  few  of  the  later  coins  are  inscribed  (PL  XXV,  15,  16),  but  I  have  not 
been  able  to  make  sense  of  the  legend  on  the  specimens  catalogued, 
which  seems  to  give  a  name  beginning  with  Kd.  Professor  Rapson  has 
shown  {J.  R.  A.  S.,  1900,  p.  122)  that  certain  coins  of  this  kind,  bearing 
the  name  of  Chittaraja,  were  issued  by  a  member  of  the  Silahara 
dynasty  of  the  Northern  Konkan  on  the  Bombay  coast  between  1020 
and  1060  A.  d.  The  inscribed  pieces  now  published  may  be  of  nearly 
the  same  date.  Similar  coins  are  sometimes  found  in  Mewar  (Webb, 
Currencies  of  the  Hindu  States  of  Rdjputdna,  pp.  4-6).  The  com- 
paratively modern  coin,  No.  24,  is  interesting  as  proving  the  late 
survival  of  a  dim  recollection  of  the  Sassanian  prototype.  Webb  cites 
the  '  Dhingla  paisa ',  which  is  still  current  in  Rajputana,  as  a  still 
stronger  illustration  of  the  same  fact. 

The  true  assignment  of  the  abundant  Adi-vardha,  or  '  primaeval 
boar',  coins  was  first  effected  by  Professor  Hultzsch,  who  showed  that 
they  were  issued  by  the  powerful  king,  Bhojadeva  I,  who  ruled  in 
Northern  India,  with  his  capital  at  Kanauj,  from  about  840  to  890  A.  c. 


234 


MEDIAEVAL  INDO-SASSANIAN   COINS 


and  took  tlie  title  of  Adi-vardha,  thus  identifying  himself  with  the 
'  boar  incarnation  '  of  Vishnu.  Rude  copies  of  this  class  of  coin  probably 
belong  to  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  century. 

I  am  unable  to  say  anything  definite  about  the  four  coins  grouped 
together  as  '  Unknown  '.  No.  1  (PI.  XXV,  19)  is  a  variety  of  the  Napki 
coins  of  Kabul.  No.  3  (PI.  XXV,  20),  exhibiting  a  Bactrian  camel  and 
fire-altar,  may  or  may  not  be  Indian ;  it  does  not  seem  to  belong  to  the 
Sassanian  coinage  of  Persia. 

In  addition  to  the  references  already  given,  the  following  publications 
may  be  consulted  : — Cunningham,  '  The  Later  Indo-Scythians '  [Nii'ni. 
Chron.,  1894);  V.  A.  Smith,  'History  and  Coinage  of  the  Gupta 
Period  '  (J.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  vol.  Ixiii,  pp.  164-212) ;  G.  P.  Taylor,  '  On 
the  Gadhaiya  Coins  of  Gujarat'  (J.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  vol.  Ixxiii  (1904), 
Num.  Sui^pl.) ;  and  7.  C,  sees.  103-9,  with  copious  detailed  references. 

CATALOGUE 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


VAHI-  {al.  SHAHI-)TIGiN  probably  King  of  Multan,  about  500  a.  d. 

Silver 


I.M. 


M 


50 
1-17 


Bust  of  king,  sho'c^'ing 
three-quarter  facer.,  beard- 
less, with  moustache ;  low 
crown  or  cap,  surmounted 
by  tiger's  head  r.,  and  three 
points  itrUul)  in  front  and 
also  behind.  Unknown 
characters  (Irano-Scythic) 
in  field  before  face.  Br. 
legend  in  broad  margin, 
the  most  probable  reading 
of  which  on  this  specimen 

is  ^  ff  fTff^T-^Ttl  (?  ^ 

or   '^)    M<*)^=H,   ^   ^Tff 

tivirai-ralddha  (?  va,  ?  chd) 
parameivara  hi  Vdhi  tiffin 
devandrita{?)';  giving  the 
titles  of  a  king  Vahi,  with 
the  Turkish  rank  of  tigin. 


Bust  of  deity  facing, 
wearing  crown  ;  head  sur- 
rounded by  flames  rising 
to  a  point ;  in  broad  mar- 
gin, two  circles  below,  and 
at  top  and  sides  crescents 
enclosing  stars,  as  on  coins 
of  Jamasp.  Well-engraved 
Pahlavi  legends  as  read 
by  Th. ;    1.  Saf  tansaf  tef, 

^—sJ  »-_g>...:  >  uj-.,  probably 
meaning  ^ri  Tansaf  deva, 
tbe  name  of  the  deity,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Sun-god  of 
Multan;  r.  (?)  Tarkhdn 
Khurdsdn     malkd,     ij^J" 

Im*  ijU-jyi*  ;  but  the  first 
word  is  doubtful.  The 
second  and  third  words 
meaning  'king  of  Kluira- 
san  '  are  certain^  (PI.  XX V, 

'  Two  coins  of  this  much-discussed  type  were  found  in  the  topo  of  Mfinikvala.     I  have 
followed  Thomas  chiolly,  but  have  taken  the  reading  Vahi  {Vahi)  from  M.  Drouin.     I  do 


VAHI  — TORAMANA 


235 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


NAPKi,  A  (?  Kushan)  King  op  Kabul  in  (1)  fifth  or  sixth  century 

Silver 


A.S.B. 


IJI. 


A.S.B. 


M 


52-8 
1-03 


M 


M 


59-8 
1.12 


52 
1-02 


JE 

48-9 

1-02 

M 

36-1 

1-0 

Bust  of  king  r.,  with 
features  rather  Indian  than 
Persian  ;  ear-ring  with  two 
drops ;  winged  head-dress 
with  crescent  over  forehead; 
above,  buffalo's  head  with 
wide  horns,  facing.  P.  le- 
gend in  peculiar  script, 
Napki  malik, '  King  Nap ki,' 
before  face,  and  P.  sha  be- 
hind head. 

Similar  ;  P.  sha  1.  behind 
head  ;  (?)  A;^  malik  r.  before 
face.  Br.  ha  in  1.  field  over 
shoulder. 

Similar;  P.  legends  as 
No.  2 ;  (?)  Br.  na  behind 
shoulder. 

Copper 

Similar  to  silver  coins ; 
P.  legends,  pkl  malik  and 
sha ;  no  Br.  letter. 

Ditto ;  poor.  Legend, 
Napki  malik  complete;  no 
detached  letters. 


Elongated  two-stepped 
fire-altar;  the  attendant 
with  spear  on  each  side 
turned  towards  altar ;  a- 
bove  the  head  of  each  a 
wheel ;  no  distinct  legend, 
except  Br.  la  in  1.  field  (PI. 
XXV,  2). 


Similar ;  Br.  ha  in  1.  field 
(PI.  XXV,  3). 

Similar. 


Similar, 


Ditto ;  much  defaced.^ 


WHITE  HUN   (EPHTHALITE) 

Copper 

TORAMANA,  about  500  a.d. 

Solar  type 


IJI. 


^ 


47-3 
•8 


Rude  copy  of  Sassanian 
bustr.,  without  conspicuous 
head-dress;  Br.  bra  before 
face. 


Horizontal  line  across 
middle  of  coin  ;  solar  wheel 
above ;  Br.  Tora  in  large 
letters  below  (PI.  XXV,  4). 


not  believe  that  the  word  ^iron  .occurs  in  the  Br.  legend.  See  Prinsep's  ^ssai/s,  ii.  110; 
J.  R.  A.  S.,  xii  (1850),  p.  344  ;  Reports,  v.  121  ;  Nuyn.  Chron.,  1894,  p.  291  ;  I.  C,  sec.  109  ; 
Drouin  in  Revue  Num.,  1898,  p.  139.  The  reading  and  meaning  of  the  Br.  legend  still 
remain  obscure,  the  characters  being  imperfectly  formed,  and  varying  much  in  different 
specimens.     Compare  ante,  Section  IV,  Kushano-Sassanian  coins. 

^  These  specimens  probably  are  all  from  Masson's  collection  made  at  Beghram  near 
Kabul,  where  the  type,  especially  in  copper,  was  of  '  frequent  occurrence '.  Erroneously 
referred  to  Hormazd  III  by  Longperier  (p.  59,  PI.  IX,  1)  with  whom  Rawlinson  {Seventh 
Great  Or.  Mon.,  p.  327)  was  inclined  to  agree ;  but  neither  author  was  aware  of  the  Kabul 
provenance  (Prinsep's  Essays,  vol.  i,  pp.  404,  410,  PI.  XXXIII,  3),  while  both  misread  the 
legend.  See  Cunningham,  Num.  Chron.,  1894,  PI.  X  (XII),  3,  p.  288;  and  compare  tho 
Kushano-Sassanian  coins  ante  in  section  iv,  and  jjosi,  in  this  section,  Unknown,  No.  1. 


236 


MEDIAEVAL   INDO-SASSANIAN   COINS 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

2 

I.M. 

JE         64 
•77 

Similar  to  No.  1  ;  Br.  6« 
before  face. 

Similar  to  No.  1. 

3 

?i 

M      5M 

•78 

M      53-3 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto. 

4 

jj 

Ditto ;     crescent    above 

Ditto. 

•7 

head ;  character  before  face 
illegible. 

6 

)) 

^      50-8 
•72 

Ditto;  no  crescent;  cha- 
racter  before   face   uncer- 
tain. 

Ditto;  wheel  blui 

•red. 

6 

)j 

M      39-4 
•62 

Ditto;     Br.    tra    before 
face. 

Ditto. 

MIHIRAKULA  (MIHIRAGULA),  son  of  Toramana, 

ABOUT   510-40  A.  D. 


6 


8 


8 


I.M. 


AL 


M 


.E 


^ 


M 


JE 


JE 


JE 


JE 


56-3 

•  7 


37^7 

•7 

60 

•86 

45-8 

•  7 

51 

•67 

42^2 
•7 

37-5 
•7 


51 

•8 


38-6 
•68 


Bull  type 

Sassanian  bust  r. ;  Br. 
legend  before  face  Sri  Mi- 
ll irakula,  or  -gula,  the  last 
two  characters  blurred. 


Similar;  legend  imper- 
fect, apparently  restruck 
on  another. 

Similar;  legend  defaced. 

Ditto ;  Sri  Mihira. 
Ditto;  Sri  Mihiraku. 

Ditto ;   Sri  Mihiraku. 

Similar;  ^rl  3IiJiira  le- 
gible ;  device  blurred,  due 
apparently  to  attempt  to 
strike  bust  overToramana's 
wheel. 

Sassanian  bust  r.,  with 
wheel  above  ;  traces  of  le- 
gend in  front  of  face. 

Very  rnde  Sassanianbust 
r.  Legend,  <^n  Mih  irakula 
(or  -gula)  imperfect. 


Horizontal  line  across 
middle  of  coin ;  humped 
bull  walking  I.  above.  Br. 
legendljelow,  jayatuvrisha, 
'  May  the  bull  be  victori- 
ous '  (PI.  XXV,  5). 

Similar. 


Ditto. 

Ditto ;  legend  indistinct. 

Ditto ;  ditto ;  crescent 
above  bull ;  dividing  line 
near  bottom  of  coin. 

Ditto;  legend  complete; 
crescent  above  bull. 

Bull  1. ;  legend  illegible. 


Blurred  attempt  to  strike 
the  bull  over  Sassanian 
bust,  the  ends  of  the  dia- 
dem being  still  visible. 

13ull  1.  with  off  foreleg 
raised.  Legend,  jaijatu 
vrisha} 


'  This  coin  is  cast,  and,  like  Nos.  5  and  6,  U  roughly  square  in  form,  although  partially 
roiiinkd. 


MIHIRAKULA  — UN  ASSIGN  ED   COINAGE 


237 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 
Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


10 


1 
2 

3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 


I.M. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


1.21. 


M 


116 
•9 


Kushan  type 

Standing  king,  as  on 
Kushan  coins.  Legend, 
Shdfd  Mihiragula,  imper- 
fect. 


Throned  goddess,  as  on 
Kushan  coins  ;  no  legend. 


UNASSIGNABLE,  period  of  Mihirakula 


JE 

JE 

JE 
JE 
M 
JE 


30-8 

•65 

51-7 

•77 

42 
•72 

51-6 

•67 

33-2 

•7 

40-2 

•65 
31^7 

•68 
36 

•67 
30-8 

•67 


45^7 
•95 


Sassanian  bust  r. ;  '  Eph- 
thalite  symbol '  before  face. 
Similar. 


Parthian  -  looking  bust 
r. ;  Ephthalite  symbol  in 
front. 

Similar,  but  more  Sas- 
sanian. 

Ditto ;  very  rude. 

Ditto;  ditto. 
Ditto;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 


Bust  as  usual ;  no  sym- 


bol. 


Bust  of  king  r.,  with 
(?)  young  prince  facing  him; 
small  Ephthalite  symbol 
behind  head  ;  double  bead- 
ing ;  convex. 


Humped  bull  walking  1. ; 
no  legend. 

Lion  or  tiger  standing  1,, 
with  an  object  (?  animal) 
under  its  feet  (PI.  XXV,  6). 

Humped  bull  running  r. 
(PL  XXV,  7). 

Humped  bull  walking  1. 

Ditto ;  very  rude. 

Ditto;  ditto;  seems  to 
be  cast. 

Rude  bull  walking  r. ; 
ditto. 

Ditto ;  cast.^ 

Double-struck  ;  wheel 
above  ;  confused  legend  be- 
low Sri  Vaya,  and  sa  lower 
down. 

Double  beading  with 
Ephthalite  symbol  in  cen- 
tre; concave. 


UNASSIGNED  COINAGE,  imitating  the  coins  of  Firoz,  Sassanian 
A.— NORTH-WESTERN  TYPE,  from  about  500  to  1000  a.d.^ 

Fire- altar  ;  very  rude  ; 
mere  traces  of  attendants  ; 
no  legend  (PL  XXV,  8). 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

'  Nos.  4,  5,  8  are  roughly  squared  ;  6  and  7  are  very  iri-egular  in  shape. 

*  Most  of  these  coins  are  from  the  hoard  found  in  Merwara  (Mhairwarra^,  Riijputana 
(not  Marwar  ;  Rapson,  J.  R.  A.  S.,  1900,  p.  119,  note),  as  described  in  detail  by  Dr.  Hoernle 
in  Proc.  A.  S.  B.,  1889,  p.  228  ;  /.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  1890,  p.  168,  Pl.  V. 


1 

I.M. 

JR 

63-3 
•9 

Bust  of  king  r.,  a  rude 
copy  of  bust  on  later  coins 
of  Firoz  ;  no  legend. 

2 

?7 

JR 

63 
•92 

Similar. 

3 

55 

JR 

63 
•92 

Ditto. 

238 


MEDIAEVAL  INDO-SASSANIAN    COINS 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

4 

I.M. 

AX      59-7 
•95 

As  No.  3. 

As  No.  3. 

6 

)5 

M         G4 
1-0 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

6 

;> 

Al      G2^6 
•95 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

7 

5» 

A\      63-2 
•9 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

8 

A.S.B. 

/ll      61-7 
•95 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

9 

>> 

M      63-2 
1-0 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

10 

j» 

Al      52^6 

•9 

^      62-9 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

11 

>> 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

•95 

12 

5> 

M      63-3 
1-0 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

13 

>> 

yR      54-8 
•9 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

14 

>> 

M         64 
•98 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

The  following  are  still  more  degraded 


15 

I.M. 

iR 

57-8 
•8 

58-5 

•85 

59 

Ditto. 

Ditto.                                    ^ 

16 

>> 

iR 

Ditto ;  Br.  ha  before  face. 

Ditto. 

17 

A.S.B. 

iR 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto. 

•95 

18 

>) 

Al 

54 

•85 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto. 

19 

>> 

Al 

58-7 
•84 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

20 

>> 

Al 

63-5 
•9 

Ditto ;  device  barely  re- 
cognizable. 

Ditto. 

21 

j> 

Al 

62-3 
.95 

Ditto ;  very  barbarous. 

Ditto. 

22 

>> 

M 

60 
•8 

Ditto ;  ditto ;  Br.  ha  be- 
fore face. 

Ditto. 

23 

/.J/. 

Ai 

59 

Caricature  of  Sassanian 

Fire-  altar  and  supporters 

•75 

head  -with   winged   head- 
dress. 

indicated  (PI.  XXV,  9). 

24 

>) 

M 

56 

•72 

Similar. 

Similar. 

25 

j> 

M 

58 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

26 

>> 

Al 

•  1  O 

58.1 
.77 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (Nos.  23-6  are  of 
fairly  good  silver). 

UNASSIGNED   COINAGE 


239 


Serial 

No 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

Size 

27 

I.M. 

M      58-3 
•75 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

28 

■>■> 

M         58 
•  77 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

29 

y> 

plated  — 
•77 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

30 

J5 

plated  — 

•87 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

B. 


6 
6 

7 

8 
9 

10 
11 


EASTERN  OR  MAGADHA  TYPE,  about  tenth  century  a.d 

Silver 

A.S.B.   M         58       Very  rude  head  r. ;  ^n 
•7   in  large  letters  in  front  of 
face ;   Vigra[ha^  below. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


M 


M 


55-9 
•75 


58-5 
•75 


M 
M 
M 

M 
M 


60 
•68 

56 

•68 

58 

•7 

58^2 

•65 

54 

•7 

59 

•66 

58-5 
•  65 

56-5 
•75 


Doubtful  indications  of 
head  on  1.  margin ;  most 
of  field  occupied  by  Sri  Vi 
in  bold  characters. 

Generally  similar;  &ri 
Vi. 


Somewhat  similar ;   but 
no  intelligible  characters. 


4. 


Generally  similar  to  No. 


Indications  of  Sassanian 
altar  with  attendants ;  in 
centre  the  character  ^,  sa 
(Cunningham  calls  it  ma) 
(PI.  XXV,  10). 

Indications  of  altar  with 
attendants. 


Similar,  but  more  de- 
based. (Above  coins  may 
be  ascribed  to  one  or  other 
Vigrahapala  of  Magadha ; 
No.  1,  perhaps,  to  V.  I, 
about  900  A.D. ;  Nos.  2  and 
3,  either  to  V.  11,  990  A.D., 
or  V.  Ill,  1055  A.D.)  1 

Indeterminate  marks, 
scarcely  suggesting  the  al- 
tar. 

Similar  to  No.  4. 


Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (Nos.  5-7  from  the 

Generally     similar ;      a 
ass  of  curved  lines. 

Darbhanga    District,    Tir- 
hut). 

Generally  similar  to  Nos. 
5-7. 

Curves  and  corrupt  cha- 

Ditto. 

cters,  probably  intended 
r  Sri. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

^  Coins  of  this  type  found  in  Devapala  temple  at  Gliosrawa  in  Patna  District  {ReportSf 
xi.  174-81). 


240 


MEDIAEVAL  INDO-SASSANIAN   COINS 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


12 
13 


I.M. 


M 
M 


57^8 
•64 

52^7 
•  65 


Similar  to  No.  11  ;    per- 
haps Sri  Vi.  ^ 
Similar;  Sri. 


Similar  to  No.  11. 
Ditto ;  sa  in  centre.* 


GADIIAIYA  (GADHIYA)  CURRENCY  OF  RAJPUTANA  AND 
GUJARAT,  FROM  ABOUT  750  to  1100  a.d. 

Base  silver  or  copper 

A.     Flat  coins,  diameter  •GS  to  -68 


2 
3 

4 
6 
6 
7 
8 

e 

10 
11 
12 


I.M. 

M 

62 

Rude  imitation  of  Sas- 

Lines  and  dots  suggest- 

•65 

sanian    bust    r.,    without 
wings  to  head- dress;  mean- 
ingless lines  and  curves. 

ing    the    Sassanian    fire- 
altar. 

>> 

M 

61 
•68 

Similar. 

Similar. 

?5 

M 

63-1 
•66 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

A.S.B. 

M 

64 
•67 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

j> 

M 

61-9 
•66 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

I.M. 

M 

64^2 
•66 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXV,  11). 

>) 

M 

64 
•65 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

A.s.n. 

JR 

63^6 
•65 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

B.     TJdcker  transitional  pieces,  diameter  -54  to  -62 

I.M. 

JR 

62 
•62 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

?> 

M 

63^8 

•6 

62^5 

•  58 
59^7 

•54 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXV,  12). 

j> 

Al 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

)5 

M 

Ditto ;  but  ruder. 

Ditto. 

Thick  dumpy  pieces,  copper  or  vei^  base  silver,  diameter  -4:7  to  -57 

I.M. 

Al 

70^5 

Head  of  king,  almost  or 

Similar  to  preceding,  bu 

•52 

quite  unrecognizable. 

more  degraded. 

■>■> 

M 

74^5 
•57 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

A.s.n. 

M 

72 

•52 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

13 
14 
16 


'  Coins  like  Nos.  4-13  are  very  common  in  Bihar,  the  eastern  districts  of  the  United 
Provinces,  and  in  Oudh.     Only  selected  specimens  have  been  catalogued. 


PLATE   XXV 


IND0-SAS5ANIAN    COINS 


GADHAIYA  —  BHOJADEVA   I 


241 


24 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Mi 

We 

S 

)tal, 

ight, 

ize 

Obverse 

Reverse 

16 

A.S.B. 

M 

66 
•56 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

17 

5> 

M 

73^3 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  fi-om  Kaira  Dis- 

18 

" 

M 

•57 
67^8 

•54 
62^3 

Ditto. 

triet,Gujarat(Pl.XXV,13). 
Ditto ;  ditto. 

19 

I.M. 

M 

Ditto;  still  more  degrad- 

Two-line legend  in  late 

20 

A.S.B. 

M 

•48 
65 

ed. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Nagarl  script,  (1)  Srt  (2) 
Ka  (PI.  XXV,  14). 

Two-line  legend,  (l)?,^n 

21 
22 

I.M. 
A.S.B. 

•5 

63^6 

•51 

52-2 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 

(2)  Kada{P\.  XXV,  15). 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  ^rl 
(2)  Kd  (?)  (PI.  XXV,  16). 

Two-line    legend,    per- 

23 

5> 

^ 

•5 
60-5 

•47 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

haps  the  same. 

A  mere  semblance  of  a 
legend,  quite  illegible  (PI. 
XXV,  17). 

A.S.B. 


M 


71 
•63 


Modern 

Square  inside  circle  con- 
taining two-line  legend,  (1 ) 
hdma  or  hdsa  (2)  sa  4. 


Reminiscence  of  the  fire- 
altar. 


BHOJADEVA  I  (Prabhasa,  Adi-vaeaha,  Mihira),  Parihar  (Gurjara), 
King  of  Mahodaya  (Kanauj)  and  Upper  India,  about  840-90  a.  d. 

Adi-vabaha  type;  silver 


2 

3 
4 
6 
6 
7 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 

I.M. 

A.S.B. 

I.M. 


M 


62-3 
•75 


JR 
M 
M 
M 
M 
M 


58-7 

•75 

63-4 

•  8 
51-9 

•  7 
56-8 

•7 
61-4 

•75 
57-2 

■65 


SMITH 


Two-line  Br.  inscription, 
(1)  Srimad-d  (2)  di  vardha, 
'  the  fortunate  primaeval 
boar,'  a  title  both  of  Vishnu 
and  king  Bhoja.  Below, 
marks  which  are  a  remini- 
scence of  the  Sassanian fire- 
altar. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  worn. 
Ditto ;  no  wheel. 
Ditto;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  poor  copy. 

R 


The  boar  incarnation  of 
Vishnu,  a  man  with  boar's 
head,  striding  r, ;  solar 
wheel  in  front  of  him  (PI. 
XXV,  18). 


Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


OA.O 


MEDIAEVAL  INDO-SASSANIAN   COINS 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

8 

I.M. 

M      base 

66-8 

•7 

As  No.7 ;  degraded  copy. 

As  No.   7 ;     the  coin  is 
roughly       triangular       in 
shape.* 

9 

I.M. 

M 

61 
•7 

10 

5> 

M 

57-9 
•68 

A.S.R. 


M 


M 


M 


M 


51-8 
M2 


14-7 
•63 


18-8 
•7 


15 
.56 


Copper 
Similar;  rude  and  poor. 

Ditto. 

UNKNOWN 

Copper 

Bust  somewhat  resem- 
bling that  of  Napkl  malik, 
with  a  small  radiatecrown; 
short  legend  in  unknown 
(Pirano-Scythic)  characters 
before  face. 

Bust  of  king  three-quar- 
ter face  r.,  radiate ;  with 
sceptre  held  before  his  face; 
no  legend. 


Two  -  humped  camel 
walking  r.,  with  fringe 
hanging  from  neck ;  no 
other  device  or  legend ; 
dotted  circle. 

Bust  of  king  r,,  diad.,  (?) 
radiate ;  a  short  mace  or 
sceptre  in  r.  hand ;  no  le- 
gend. 


Indistinct  marks. 
Ditto. 


Fire-altar,  with  atten- 
dants turned  towards  it, 
in  very  degraded  form  ;  no 
legend  (Pi.  XXV,  19). 


Fire-altar ;  to  r.  a  three- 
pointed  symbol,  nearly  as 
on  Kushan  coins,  and  the 
Br.  character  jd ;  traces  of 
other  characters ;  badly 
preserved. 

Fire- altar  of  rather  early 
type ;  no  other  device  or 
legend.  Possibly  Sassanian 
of  Persia  (PI.  XXV,  2o). 

Debased  reminiscence  of 
fire-altar  and  attendants 
(PI.  XXV,  21). 


*  Poor  specimens  and  degraded  copies  of  Adi-varuha  coins  are  very  common  all  over 
northern  India,  but  fine  specimens  like  No.  1  are  difficult  to  procure. 


Section  XIV 
THE   HINDU  KINGS   OF   OHIND 

COMMONLY   CALLED   'KINGS   OF   KABUL',  FROM   ABOUT 

875  A.  D.  TO   1000  A.  D. 


INTRODUCTION 

The  coins  of  the  princes  commonly  called  the  '  Hindu  Kings  of 
Kabul ',  although  long  familiar  to  numismatists,  and  extremely  common 
in  Afghanistan,  the  Panjab,  and  throughout  Northern  India,  present 
a  puzzle,  or  rather  a  series  of  puzzles,  which  nobody  has  succeeded  in 
solving  completely.  They  occur  in  three  types,  namely,  the  '  bull  and 
horseman ',  '  elephant  and  lion ',  and  '  lion  and  peacock '.  The  last 
named  is  known  only  from  a  single  specimen  in  the  British  Museum 
(weight  30-3  grains,  Bayley,  No.  1),  which  bears  the  name  ^  ^TTT,  '^'»"J^ 
Kamara,  over  the  lion,  an  heraldic-looking  beast  turned  1.,  with  its 
tail  curved  over  its  back.  In  form  the  lion  on  that  coin  closely 
resembles  the  animal  depicted  on  the  '  elephant  and  lion  '  pieces,  which 
is  turned  r.  These  '  elephant  and  lion '  coins  belong  to  three  reigns, 
namely,  Sri  Padama  (weight  33,  Bayley,  No.  2),  ^rl  Vakka-deva,  and 
Sri  iSamanta-deva,  and  occur  in  copper  only.  The  Sri  Padama  coin 
seems  to  be  unique,  whereas  the  coins  of  Vakka-deva  and  Samanta- 
deva,  especially  the  latter,  are  common.  The  '  bull  and  horseman '  type 
was  issued  in  both  silver  and  copper.  The  coins  of  this  type  bearing 
the  name  or  title  Samanta-deva  are  extremely  abundant  in  both  metals; 
those  of  Spalapati-deva,  also  in  both  metals,  although  less  abundant, 
are  fairly  common  ^ ;  while  those  of  Khudavayaka,  in  silver  only,  are 
rare ;  those  of  Bhim-deva,  likewise  in  silver  only,  are  very  rare ;  and 
a  copper  coin  of  Vakka-deva  is  believed  to  be  unique. 

The  name  which  I  read  as  Vakka  has  been  read  as  Varka  (Bayley), 
Verka  (Thomas),  Veiika  (Cunningham),  or  Vanka  (Rodgers)^.  In  the 
labels  on  the  A.  S.  B.  coins  Mr.  Rodgers  read  Vakka  as  I  do. 

*  A  coin,  either  of  Samanta-deva  or  Spalapati,  when  analysed,  was  found  to  contain 
894.6  ,   „^ 

ioOCT  ®^'"^®^  ''  *^^®  balance  being  copper,  with  a  trace  of  gold  {Proc.  A.  S.  B.,  1889,  p.  198). 

^  The  readings  Varka  or  Verka  cannot  be  supported.  If  the  upper  part  of  the  conjunct 
character  were  the  guttural  n,  it  should  be  a  rectangle  open  to  the  r.  The  coins  catalogued 
have  not  the  e  which  Cunningham  detected  on  his  specimens. 

R  2 


244 


THE   HINDU    KINGS   OF   OHIND 


The  name  which  seems  to  me  to  be  KJtudavayaka  has  beon  read 
as  Khvaduvayaka  (Bayley  and  Rodgers),  Khuchtvayaka  (Stein),  and 
Khamarayaka  (Cunningham)  ^  Cunningham  appears  to  be  right  in 
reading  Spahipati  rather  than  Syalapati  or  Syalapati. 

The  arrangement  of  these  various  kings  in  proper  order  is  extremely 
difficult,  and,  in  fact,  impossible  at  present.  Alberunl  (1031  A.  D.) 
informs  us  that  the  last  king  of  the  ancient  Turki  (or  Kushan)  dynasty 
of  Kabul  named  Lagatiirman  was  supplanted  by  his  Brahman  minister 
Kail ar,  who  founded  a  'Hindu  Shahiya'  dynasty,  comprising  Samand 
(  =  Samanta-deva),  Kamalu  (probably  =  Kamara),  Bhiina  (  =  Bhim-deva), 
Jaipal  (Jayapala),  Anandapala,  and  Tarojanapala  (=  Trilochana-pala). 
The  last  named  died  in  412  A.  h.  (  =  April  1021-April  1022  a.  D.),  and 
his  son  Bhimapala  perished  five  years  later.  The  Kashmir  chronicle 
tells  of  unsuccessful  warfare  waged  by  King  Samkara  -  varman  of 
Kashmir  (883-901  A.  D.)  against  a  Sahi  (  =  Shahi3'a)  king  named  Lalliya 
of  Udabhandapura  (Ohind).  The  title  of  Shahi  (Shahiya,  Sahi)  Avas 
taken  over  by  the  Brahman  kings  of  the  Panjab  from  their  Turki 
predecessors,  who  held  both  Kabul  and  the  Panjab,  and  the  date 
indicates  that  Lalliya  must  have  been  the  earliest  of  the  dynasty,  who 
is  called  Kallar  by  Alberiini.  Thomas  and  Cunningham  further 
identify  Kallar  with  the  Spalapati-deva  of  the  coins,  but  there  is  no 
conclusive  evidence  to  support  this  hypothesis.  Cunningham  seems 
to  have  sufficient  reason  for  interpreting  Spalapati  as  a  Sanskritized 
form  of  a  Persian  title  meaning '  military  commander'.  Samanta  has  the 
same  signification  in  Sanskrit,  and  a  doubt  is  thus  suggested  as  to  how 
far  these  names  on  the  coins  should  be  interpreted  as  being  personal. 
Kamara  and  Bhimadeva  of  the  rare  coins  (not  included  in  this  cata- 
logue) evidently  correspond  respectively  with  Kamalu  and  Bhim  of 
Alberiini ;  but  Padama,  Vakka,  and  Khuduvayaka  cannot  be  fitted  into 
his  list  with  certainty.  Although  Samanta-deva  obviously  is  the  same 
as  Samand,  Spalapati  remains  unaccounted  for ;  and,  as  remarked 
above,  the  words  Samanta  and  Spalapati  having  the  same  meaning, 
may  both  refer  to  a  single  person.  The  matter  is  further  complicated 
by  the  continued  use  of  Samanta  as  a  title  on  both  Indian  and 
Muhammadan  coins  long  after  the  time  of  Alberuni's  Samand. 

The  rare  coins  of  Asata-pala  (PI.  XXVI,  6)  seem  to  be  the  latest  of 
the  series,  if,  indeed,  they  are  included  rightly  in  it.  The  connexion  of 
Asata-pala  with  the  Hindu  Shahi  dynasty  is  by  no  means  clear,  and  it  is 
evident  that  if  he  is  to  bo  assigned  to  it,  his  place  must  be  found  among 
the  rulers  with  names  ending  in  pdia  about  1000  A.  D.,  and  not  among 
the  Sauianta-deva  series,  which  terminated  about  950  A.  D.     It  is  not 


'  Cunningham's  reading  appears  indefensible  to  me.     It  is  better  to  read  K}tu  than  K?tv. 


INTRODUCTION  245 

unlikely,  in  spite  of  the  slight  difference  in  the  spelling  of  the  name, 
that  the  coins  of  Asata-pala  should  be  ascribed  to  Asata,  the  chief  of 
Chamba  (Champa),  who  did  homage  to  Kalasa,  king  of  Kashmir  in 
1087-8  A.  D.  {Rdjat.,  Bk.  VII,  588,  Stein's  transl.  vol.  i,  p.  315). 

Although  the  '  Hindu  i^hahiya '  dynasty  is  described  by  Alberuni  as 
having  succeeded  the  old  Turki  (Kushan)  dynasty  of  Kabul,  this  state- 
ment should  not  be  interpreted  as  meaning  that  Kabul  was  the  capital 
of  the  Shahiyas.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  their  capital  was  Oliind  (Und, 
Waihind,  Udabhandapura)  on  the  Indus  above  Attock  (Atak),  while 
Kabul  during  their  time  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Musulmans,  having 
been  captured  by  Ya  kub  Lais  in  257  a.  h.  (=  Nov.  870-Nov.  871  a.  d.). 
It  is  most  improbable  that  the  Shahiyas  had  anything  to  do  with  that 
city.  While  the  Arabic  author  was  quite  correct  in  affirming  that  the 
Shahiyas  were  the  successors  of  the  Turki  dynasty  of  Kabul,  he  must 
not  be  understood  to  assert  that  the  succession  extended  to  the  whole 
dominions  of  the  older  dynasty,  which  had  included  both  Kabul  and 
the  Panjab.  When  the  change  of  dynasty  occurred,  Kabul  probably 
was  already  in  the  hands  of  the  foreign  invader,  and  the  new  royal  family 
had  to  be  content  with  possessions  lying  outside  the  immediate  range 
of  the  armies  of  Islam.  At  Ohind  the  Shahi3'a  kings  were  in  safety  for 
a  considerable  time,  until  about  1013  A.  D.,  when  the  last  of  them  to  enjoy 
power,  Trilochana-pala,  was  defeated  decisively  by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni 
on  the  bank  of  the  Taushi  (Tosi)  river  on  the  southern  frontier  of 
Kashmir.  The  members  of  the  family  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  and 
won  the  admiration  of  the  Muhammadan  savant  in  their  conqueror's 
train,  who  generously  observes,  '  We  must  say  that,  in  all  their 
grandeur,  they  never  slackened  in  the  ardent  desire  of  doing  that 
which  is  good  and  right, — that  they  were  men  of  noble  sentiment  and 
noble  bearing.' 

Certain  coins  of  Samanta-deva  and  Spalapati  exhibit  on  the  horse- 
man side  figures  '  written  in  numerals  of  a  form  intermediate  between 
those  of  the  mediaeval  Indian  mints  and  the  modern  Arabic  forms  .  .  . 
graduating  into  the  latter'.  They  are  read  as  802,  812,  813,  814,  815, 
and  817  (PI.  XXVI),.  and  I  believe  that  they  must  be  interpreted  as 
dates  expressed  in  the  Saka  era,  equivalent  to  years  ranging  from  880 
to  895  A.  D.^  The  fact  that  the  same  dates,  if  they  are  dates,  occur  on 
the  coins  of  both  Samanta-deva  and  Spalapati  supports  the  suggestion 
that  both  those  titles  may  have  been  used  by  one  king,  the  Kallar  of 
Alberuni,  and  the  Lalliya  of  the  Kashmir  chronicle.  Possibly  the 
difficulty  may  be  explained  by  the  hypothesis  that  the  coins  with  the 
Persian  title  were  struck  at  mints  situated  in  the   territory  west   of 

^  Certain  mai-ks  on  some  coins  of  Spalapati  (catal.  Nos.  2,  6)  look  like  the  old  Indian 
*  numerical  symbol '  for  200. 


^46  THE  HINDU   KINGS   OF   OHIND 

the  Indus,  which  formerly  was  included  in  the  Persian  empire,  while 
those  with  the  Sanskrit  title  were  issued  in  the  Panjill).  The  evidence 
concerning  the  provenance  of  the  coins  is  not  sufficiently  precise  to 
enable  this  conjecture  to  be  tested. 

The  principal  references  are  :—G.  M.  L,  pp.  55-67,  PL  VII ;  Stein, 
Ziir  GeschicJde  der  Qdlds  von  Kabul  (Stuttgart,  Kohlmann,  1893); 
transl.  Rajat.,  vol.  ii,  note  J,  with  detailed  references  ;  Bay  ley, '  Remarks 
on  certain  Dates  occurring  on  the  Coins  of  the  Hindu  Kings  of  Kabul ' 
{Num.  Chron.,  vol.  ii,  3rd  ser.  (1882),  p.  128,  with  two  plates) ;  Elliot, 
History  of  India,  vol.  ii,  note  A,  p.  403  ;  Thomas,  Prinsep's  Essays, 
vol.  i,  pp.  299-318,  PI.  XXV  ;  Chronicles  of  the  Pathcln  Kings  of  Delhi, 
p.  57 ;  and  Sachau,  transl.  of  Alberuni's  Indica,  vol.  ii,  p.  13. 

Among  these  works  Stein's  German  pamphlet  offers  the  best  summary 
of  the  history.  The  writings  of  Bayley  and  Cunningham  include  much 
rather  fanciful  speculation,  and  at  this  time  it  is  hardly  necessary  to 
observe  that  Bayley's  ingenious  attempt  to  interpret  the  supposed  dates 
as  referring  to  the  Gupta  era  is  quite  untenable. 


I 


CATALOGUE 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


2 

3 

4 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


SPALAPATI-DEVA,  late  in  ninth  century 
Bidl  and  horseman  type 

Silver 


I.M. 


>» 


A\ 


A\ 


A\ 


Al 


54 
•8 


45-3 
•7 

48 

•73 

51 

•72 


Recumbent  humped  bull 
1.,  with  trappings ;  trident 
with  curved  sides  on  rump. 
Legend  above,  :3j\  ^I^TJ- 
f^[^^J,  Sri  Spalapati- 
[deca]. 


Similar;  trident  rubbed 
away ;  legend  complete. 

Similar. 

Ditto ;  trident  distinct. 


King  in  armour,  on  ca- 
parisoned horse  r.,  holding 
in  r.  hand  lance  with  point 
downwards,  and  in  1.  hand 
an  uncertain  object.  Be- 
hind him,  '^,  gra;  before 
him  on  r.  margin,  unread 
legend  in  unknown  charac- 
ters (PI.  XXVI,  1). 

Similar;  behind  king  ^, 

(?)  =  200  '  ;  in  front  of 
horseapparentlyAII,  =  81 1. 

Similar  ;  numerals  =  (?) 
812  or814(Pl.  XXVI,  2). 

Ditto ;  same  numerals. 


•  Compare  JT  -  200,  from  Bower  MS.,  in  Biihler,  Ind.  Falacog.,  PI.  IX. 


SPALAPATI-DEVA  —  SAMANTA-DEVA 


247 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

5 

I.M. 

Ai 

49-8 

•7 

51-3 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

6 

>> 

M 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto  ;   Ditto  ;   character 

•7 

behind  king  nearly  as  on 
No.  2,  tt;   same  numeral 

on  margin  as  No.  3. 

7 

A.S.B. 

M 

45-7 

•  7 

io-T 

Similar;  "worn. 

Similar;  worn. 

8 

J5 

M 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto ;      character     and 

•7 

numerals  as  on  No.  2. 

Copper 

9 

A.S.B. 

^ 

43-5 
•75 

Similar  to  silver  coins. 

Similar  to  silver  coins ; 
no  character  or  numerals. 

10 

» 

JE 

45 
•75 

Ditto;  poor. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

11 

>> 

^ 

38-8 
•78 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

I.M. 


SAMANTA-DEVA,  early  in  tenth  century 

Bull  and  horseman  type 

Silver 


A.S.B. 


M 

51-2 

Bull   1., 

as   on   coins 

of 

Horseman  r.,  as  on  coins 

•8 

Spalapati, 

but  rather  more 

of  Spalapati;   behind  him, 

in  outline. 

Legend  above, 

jf^,  bhl ;   over  horse's  head 

Sri  Sdmanta-deva. 

a   doubtful  character  (PI. 

XXVI,  3). 

JR 

51 

•8 

Similar. 

Similar ;  on  margin  (?) 
Alk,  814. 

M 

49-7 
•75 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  no  marginal  nu- 
merals. 

M 

50-4 
•75 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  numerals  as  on 
No.  2. 

M 

45-2 
•71 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  character  over 
horse's  head  seems  to  be 
H,  tri ;  no  marginal  nu- 
merals. 

M 

50-8 
•  75 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  character  over 
horse's  head  obscure ;  no 
marginal  numerals. 

M 

45-3 
•  75 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto;  ditto. 

Al 

47-3 
•73 

48 

Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;  ditto. 

M 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;    ditto ;    marginal 

•75 

numerals  as  on  No.  2. 

M 

base 

48-8 

•65 

Ditto ; 

rude. 

Ditto;  rude,  and  appa- 
rently of  late  date. 

248 


THE   HINDU   KINGS   OF   OHIND 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 

16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 


22 


A. S.B. 


Copper  {probably  later  in  date) 


A. S.B. 

?» 

)> 

)> 

JE  (?)  bil- 
lon   54 
•6 
M  (?)  bil- 
lon 54-2 
•6 
M  copper 
45-4 
•55 
M  copper 
52 
•  6 


A.S.B. 

I.M. 

)> 

j> 

A.S.B. 

5> 

» 

M 
M 

M 

M 
M 
M 
M 


M 


Similar  to  silver  coins, 
but  script  slightly  different. 

Ditto. 


Ditto;  only  hump  of  bull 
visible.  Legend  seems  to 
read  Sdmdnta. 

Similar,  but  better  exe- 
cuted. 


Similar  to  silver  coins, 
but  ruder ;  no  marginal 
date  ;  thick  coin.  ; 

Ditto.  ! 


Ditto. 


Similar;  traces  of  letters 
or  numerals  in  front  of 
horse. 


Elephant  and  lion  type;  copper 


30-7 
•78 

35 
•75 

37-5 

•77 

33 

•75 
33-7 

•75 
32-8 

•  73 
34 

•73 


Elephant  standing  1. 
Legend  above,  <Sn  Sdmanta- 
deva. 

Similar. 


Ditto. 

Similar;  poor. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Ditto. 


Lion  r.,  with  tail  curled 
over  his  back  ;  live  pellets 
above. 

Similar ;  pellets  not  visi- 
ble ;  obscure  marks  in  front 
of  lion. 

Ditto  ;  three  pellets  visi- 
ble ;  obscure  marks  in  front 
of  lion. 

Similar;  poor  condition. 

Similar. 

Similar;  five  pellets. 

Ditto;  ditto. 


ANONYMOUS 
Elephant  and  lion  type  ;  copper 


24-8 
•63 


Similar  to  coins  of  Sa- 
manta,  but  ruder;  no  le- 
gend. 


Lion  r.  in  rude  outline ; 
pellets  above. 


VAKKA-DEVA,  tenth  century^ 
Elephant  and  lion  type;  copper 


.S.B. 

J^ 

31-6 
•75 

f.M. 

A'] 

36-4 

•8 

Elephant  1.,  as  on  coins 
of  Samanta-deva.  Legend 
above,  Sri  Vakka-deva. 


Similar. 
'  For  various  readings  of  name,  see  Introduction 


Lion  r.,  as  on  coins  of 
Samanta-deva;  three  pel- 
lets and  other  marks  in 
front  of  him  (ri.  XXVI,  4). 

Similar. 


ANONYMOUS  —  ASATA-PALA 


249 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

3 

4 
6 

A.S.B. 
I.M. 

M      39-1 
•75 

JE         36 
•  72 

^      29-1 
•7 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  marks  not  visible. 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;  worn. 

I.M. 

A.S.B. 
I.M. 

A.S.B. 
I.M. 


KHUDAVAYAKA,  tenth  century^ 
£ull  and  horseman  type;  silver 


M 


M 


M 


49-7 
•74 


44-5 

•  75 

47 

•77 


Bull  1.,  as  on  coins  of 
Samanta-deva.  Legend  a- 
bove,  Sri  Khudavayakah. 

Similar. 
Ditto. 


Horseman  r.,  as  on  coins 
of  Samanta-deva ;  behind 
him  a  character,  (?)  tj,  pa 
or  pu  (PI.  XXVI,  5). 

Similar ;  obscure  charac- 
ter over  horse's  head. 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;   worn. 


ASATA-PALA,  about  1000  a.  d.,  or  later 


45 

•6 

45-5 

•  62 


Bull  I.,  but  rude.  Legend 
above,  Aiata-p\_dla\. 
Similar. 


Horseman  r. ;   degraded 
in  style  (PI.  XXVI,  6). 
Similar. 


^  Fur  various  readings  of  name,  see  Introduction. 


Section   XV 

THE  MEDIAEVAL  DYNASTIES   OF 
CENTRAL  INDIA 

INTRODUCTION 

The  three  dynasties  whose  coinage  is  treated  in  this  section  were 
closely  connected  in  place,  time,  and  history.  The  most  northerly 
kingdom,  that  of  the  Chandellas,  was  equivalent  roughly  to  the  modern 
Bundelkhand.  Its  capital  was  Mahoba,  still  existing  as  a  town  in  the 
south  of  the  Hamirpur  District,  and  the  Rajas  also  held  Kalanjar, 
Ajaigarh,  and  other  strong  places.  The  dynasty  was  founded  about  the 
end  of  the  ninth  or  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century,  and  had 
attained  considerable  power  at  the  time  of  the  accession  of  Kirtivarma- 
deva,  about  1060  a.  d.  The  coinage  begins  with  this  prince,  who  copied  the 
issues  of  Gangeya-deva  Vikramaditya  of  Western  Chedi  (about  1015- 
40  A.  D.).  The  dynastic  list,  so  far  as  it  is  relevant  to  this  work,  is  as 
follows,  with  the  known  epigraphic  dates  A.  D. : — 

13.  Kirtivarman,  1098. 

14.  Sallakshaijavarman  (Hallakshana). 

15.  Jayavarman,  1117. 

17.  Madanavarman,  1129-62. 

20.  Paramardin,  1167-1201. 

21.  Trailokyavarman  (or  -malla),  1212-41. 

22.  Viravarman,  1261-86. 

(Nos.  16,  18,  19  in  the  genealogy  did  not  reign.) 

The  Kalachuri  or  Haihaya  dynasty  of  Western  Chedi,  which  had 
its  capital  at  Tripuri  (Tewar)  near  Jabalpur  (Jubbulporo,  Central 
Provinces),  to  the  south  of  the  Narbada,  was  nearly  synchronous  with 
the  Chandellas,  its  history  extending  from  900  to  1200  A.  D.  in  round 
numbers.  Out  of  the  fifteen  names  in  the  genealogy,  one  alone,  that 
of  Gangeya-deva  Vikramaditya,  who  reigned  from  about  1015  to 
1040  a.  D.,  concerns  the  numismatist,  for  no  coins  are  known  which 
can  be  attributed  to  any  of  the  other  Rajas.  The  coins  of  Gangeya 
arc  fairly  common  in  the  eastern  districts  of  the  United  Provinces,  and 


INTRODUCTION  251 

there  is  reason  to  believe  that  in  1019  a.d.  he  had  extended  his 
authority  even  to  Champaran  in  Tirhut.  He  initiated  the  type  of 
coinage  which  was  copied  by  the  Chandella  and  other  dynasties. 

The  kingdom  of  Eastern  Chedi  or  Dahala,  the  valley  of  the 
MahanadT,  was  roughly  equivalent  to  the  modern  Chhattisgarh  Division 
of  the  Central  Provinces,  with  Ratnapura  (Ratanpur)  as  its  capital. 
The  Rajas,  like  those  of  Western  Chedi,  belonged  to  the  Kalachuri 
or  Haihaya  clan  of  Kshatriyas  or  Rajputs.  Their  history  falls  within 
the  limits  of  1000  and  1200  A.  D.  The  relevant  portion  of  the  dynastic 
list,  with  the  known  epigraphic  dates,  is  as  follows  : — 

3.  Ratnaraja  I. 

4.  Prithvideva  I. 

5.  Jajalla  I,  1114. 

6.  Ratnadeva  II. 

7.  Prithvideva  II,  1141-58. 

8.  Jajalla  II,  1167. 

9.  Ratnadeva  III,  1181. 

The  repetition  of  names  causes  difficulty  in  assigning  the  coins. 
Those  catalogued  probably  belong  to  Nos.  7-9,  but  they  might  be 
assigned  to  the  earlier  homonymous  Rajas. 

The  dynastic  lists  referred  to  for  all  three  dynasties  are  those 
recently  prepared  from  inscriptions  by  Professor  Kielhorn  {Ep.  Ind., 
vol.  viii,  App.  I),  which  supersede  all  earlier  lists. 

The  design  of  Gaugeya-deva's  model  coinage  is  very  simple.  The 
obverse  is  wholly  occupied  by  the  Raja's  name  in  bold  characters,  not 
differing  very  much  from  modern  Nagari.  The  reverse  type  is  a  rudely 
executed  figure  of  a  goddess  seated  cross-legged.  The  Chandella  gold 
coins  are  exactly  the  same  in  appearance,  the  names  only  being  changed. 
The  cabinets  catalogued  do  not  include  any  specimen  of  the  rare 
Chandella  copper  coinage,  which  substitutes  Hanuman  for  the  goddess. 
The  obverse  of  the  Eastern  Chedi  or  Ratnapura  coinage  resembles  that 
of  Gangeya-deva  and  the  Chandellas,  with  the  necessary  changes  of 
names,  but  on  the  reverse  an  indistinct  figure  of  a  rampant  lion  to 
the  right  takes  the  place  of  the  goddess.  The  large  gold  coins  were 
known  by  the  name  of  dravima,  and  are  struck  to  the  Greek  drachma 
standard.  The  smaller  sizes  are  fractional  parts  of  a  dramma.  Two 
examples  of  coins  of  Gangeya-deva  weighing  7  grains  each  (|th 
dramma)  are  known ;  and  No.  9  in  this  catalogue  weighs  only  5*6 
grains,  although  in  fair  condition.^  The  copper  coins  follow  the  same 
scale   of  weights,    as  also   do   the   rare   coins   supposed   to    be  silver. 

^  Various  kinds  of  drammas  are  mentioned  in  the  great  Slyadoni  inscription  of  the 
tenth  century  a.  d.  (Ep.  Ind.,  i.  168).  The  late  survival  of  the  Greek  name  and  weight 
standard  is  interesting. 


252    THE   MEDIAEVAL   DYNASTIES   OF   CENTRAL  INDIA 

But  I  am  not  certain  that  any  of  tlicse  dynasties  really  struck  a  silver 
coinage.  ^Much  of  their  gold  is  so  largely  alloyed  with  silver  as  to  be 
distinguishable  with  difficulty  from  coins  intended  to  be  of  that  metal, 
and  it  is  possible  that  all  the  pieces  which  seem  at  first  sight  to  be 
silver  were  regarded  officially  as  being  gold. 

See  CM. I.,  pp.  67-80,  PI.  VIII;   and  for  the   coins  of  the  Chan- 
dellas  and  Gangeya-deva,  /.  A.  S.  B._  vol.  Ixvi,  Part  I  (1897),  p.  306. 


CATALOGUE 


I.     THE   KAEACHURI   DYNASTY   OF   DAHALA 
OR  WESTERN   CHEDI   (JABALPUR) 


6 


6 


8 


9 


I.M. 


A.s.n. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


GANGEYA-DEVA,  about  1015-40  a.d. 

Seated  goddeas  tyjje 
Gold 


N 

63 

Three-line  legend  in  bold 

•77 

characters,  covering  face  of 
coin,     (1)    ^rlmad-Ga   (2) 
ngeya-de  (3)  va. 

M 

60-8 
•77 

Similar. 

N 

60-7 
•  75 

Ditto  ;  va  not  visible. 

N 

base 

14-6 

•46 

Ditto. 

N 

base 
61.5 

•7 

Ditto ;  vah. 

N 

base 

60^8 

•7 

Ditto;  ditto. 

N 

base 

59-5 

■67 

Ditto;  ditto. 

N 

base 

59-3 

•68 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

N 

5-6 

Two-line  legend ,  (1)  iSrf- 

•3 

mad  Gd  (2)  iiqeiia  deva. 

Nimbate  goddess,  seated 
facing,  cross-legged,  with 
her  hands  spread  out  at 
her  sides  (Pi.  XXVI,  7). 

Similar. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto  ;  good  gold. 


1 
gold. 


Nos.  5.  7,  8  may  lip  of  silver,  as  laltollcd  liy  Mr.  Kodgpis,  hut  look  to  mc  like  veij-  base 
Iti  coins  of  this  class  if  is  difficult  to  distinguish  true  silver  from  much  debased 
No.  1  is  good  yellow  gold. 


GANGEYA-DEVA  —  TRAILOKYA-VARMA-DEVA 


253 


5  trial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

Copper 

10 

I.M. 

JE       59-2 
•69 

As  No.  8  ;  va  not  visible. 

As  No.  8. 

11 

jj 

M      48-7 
•65 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  worn. 

12 

A.S.B. 

M      48^3 
•65 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  worn. 

II.     THE   CHANDELLA   DYNASTY   OF 
JEJAKABHUKTI   (BUNDELKHAND) 

Seated  goddess  type 
KiRTI-VARMA  (VARMAN)-DEVA,  about  1055-1100  a.d. 

Gold 


I.M. 


M 


base 

30-8 

•73 


Three-line  legend,  (1) 
Srlrnat  A'[^]  (2)  [r]ff[/]- 
varmma-  (3)  deva,  imper- 
fect.^ 


Seated    goddess,    as    on 
coins  of  Gaageya-deya. 


1 

I.M. 

N 

62^3 
•72 

2 

J' 

M 

62^2 
•74 

3 

5J 

N 

15-6 
•  45 

MADANA-VARMA,  about  1130-1165  a.d 

Gold 

(1)  Snma[dy  ma-  (2) 
(fa??a-«?a[r]m[ma]  (3)  -deva, 
imperfect  and  doubtful. 

Similar:  (1)  Snma[^d^- 
ma  (2)  da7ia-va]r]m7na. 

Ditto;  (1)  Srlma'[dy 
ma  {2)  dana-varmma. 


Seated  goddess,  as  on 
coins  of  Gangeya-deva,  but 
ruder. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 


PARAMARDI,  about  1165— April  1203  a.d. 

Gold 


I.M. 


N 


base 

61^4 

•75 


(1)    Srimat   Pa   (2)    ra-\      Ditto  (unique,  from  Kha- 
wia[r]dde.  juraho;  see  J. A.S.B. ,Vart 

I,  1889,  p.  34,  PI.  XXVI, 
8). 


TRAILOKYA-VARMA-DEVA,  1203— about  1240  a.d. 

Gold 


I.M. 


N      base!      (1)    Srlrnat     Trai-     (2) 

62-2    lokya-va-  (3j  [r^nma-dena. 

•75 


Ditto  (PI.  XXVI,  9).^ 


^  The  doubling  of  a  consonant  after  r  is  optional  in  Sanskrit. 

^  Mr.  Rodgers  (Catal.,  Part  iii,  p.  99)  describes  No.  8488,  N,  59  grains,  diam.  -7,  -with 
an  iron  loop  attached,  as  a  '  duplicate  of  8487  ',  the  coin  now  catalogued ;  but  I  have  not 
found  No.  8488. 


254    THE   MEDIAEVAL   DYNASTIES   OF   CENTRAL   INDIA 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


I.M. 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


ViRA-VARMA-DEVA,  about  1240-1280  a.d. 


A^ 


base 

62-5 

•72 


{\)  ^rlmad    Vl-   (2)  ra- 1      Seated  goddess,  (unique, 


varm7na-{?  ha),    (3)  (?  ra)- 
deva. 


from  Khajuraho;  see  J.  A. 
S.B.,loc.cit.  PlXXVI,\0).' 


III.     THE   HAIHAYA  DYNASTY   OF   MAHA- 
KOSALA  OR  EASTERN  CHEDI  (CHHATTISGARH) 

RamiMut  lion  type;  gold 
PRITHVi-DEVA  (UI),  about  1140-60  a.  d.^ 


2 


UI. 


I.M. 


M 

good 

60-2 

•85 

N  alloyed 

59-3 

•77 

N 

good 

59-3 

•78 

N 

good 

59 

•8 

N 

good 

59-8 

•  8 

Two-line  legend  in  bold, 
late  script,  (1)  Srlmat-Pri 
(2)  thvi-deva. 

Similar. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Indistinctly  designed 
rampant  lion  r.  (PI.  XXVI, 
11). 

Similar. 


Ditto. 

Ditto;  from  Ganjam. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 


JAJALLA-DEVA  (?  II),  about  1160-75  a.  d.^ 


A.s.n. 


I.M. 


A.s.n. 


N 


N 


good 

58 

•8 


good 

59-9 

.85 

good 

59-7 

•  8 

base 

56-3 

•75 

ill  or  base 

A^ 


A^ 


N 


Two-line  legend,  in  script, 
better  formed  than  that  of 
Prithvi-deva,  (1)  Snmaj 
Jd-  {2)  jalla-deva. 

Similar ;  a  mint-mark 
below. 

Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Lion  r.,  as  on  coins  of 
Prithvl-deva  (PI.  XXVI, 
12). 

Similar. 


Ditto;    bent;    the    lion 
distinct;  from  Ganjam. 

Ditto ;  much  debased  de- 
vice. 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;   J^T)  "'«>  ^^ 
r.  field. 


•  Mr.  Rodgcrs  read  the  uncertain  characters  in  the  obv.  legend  as  Chandra,  wliich 
cannot  be  right.     I  am  unable  to  interpret  them. 

^  The  coins  of  good  gold  may  belong  to  Prithvl-deva  I,  about  1060-90  a.  d. 
'  The  coins  of  good  gold  may  belong  to  Jajalla-deva  I,  about  1090-1120  a.  d. 


VIRA-VARMA-DEVA  —  RATNA-DEVA 


255 


Metal, 

Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Weight, 
Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

6 

A.S.B. 

M  or  base 

A^     14 

•52 

Ditto. 

Ditto ; 

ditto ;  ditto. 

7 

LM. 

N      base 

13-3 

•54 

Ditto. 

Ditto ; 
r.  field. 

ditto;  JI,  ma,  in 

8 

5> 

M      base 
14 
•5 

Ditto. 

Ditto ; 

ditto ;  ditto. 

9 

A.S.B. 

N      base 

14 

•53 

Ditto. 

Ditto ; 

ditto;  ditto. 

6 


RATNA-DEVA  C?  Ill),  about  1175-90  a.d. 


LM. 


A.S.B. 


LM. 


N  yellow 
60-5 

•77 
base 
13.7 
•6 
base 
13.9 

.57 
base 
12-9 

.55 
base 
13-4 

•57 
base 
12-5 

.55 
base 
13-3 

•57 


N 


N 


M 


M 


N 


N 


Two-line  legend,  (1)  Sri- 
mad-Ra  (2)  tna-deva. 


Similar. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Rudely    designed    ram- 
pant lion  r.  (PI.  XXVI,  13). 

Similar. 


Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto.^ 

Ditto.'^ 


^  Nos.  4-6  were  labelled  as  silver,  but  seem  to  be  very  base  gold. 

^  The  specimens  catalogued  of  the  E.  Chedi  dynasty  mostly  come  from  the  hoard  of 
fifty-six  coins  found  in  1892  somewhere  in  the  Feudatory  State  of  Sarangarh,  Chhattisgarh, 
which  comprised  26  base  coins  of  Jajalla-deva,  9  large  and  17  small ;  29  small  base  coins 
of  Katna-deva  ;  and  one  large  coin  in  good  gold  of  Prithvl-deva  {Proc.  A.  S.  B.,  1893,  p.  92). 
Examples  of  the  coinage  of  all  the  three  Eajas  have  been  found  also  at  DudhI  in  the  south 
of  the  Mirzapur  District,  U.  P.,  and  some  of  the  specimens  may  come  from  that  find. 


Section   XVI 

THE  MEDIAEVAL   DYNASTIES   OF 
NORTHERN   INDIA 


INTRODUCTION 

i 

The  group  of  Eajput  dynasties  dealt  with  in  this  section  occupied 
various  parts  of  Upper  India  during  the  period  extending  from  about 
the  middle  of  the  tenth  century  to  the  Muhammadan  conquest  in  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries.  The  intricate  history  of  these 
dynasties,  for  which  considerable  materials  exist,  remains  to  be  written  ; 
but  the  observations  in  this  place  must  be  restricted  to  those  indis- 
pensable for  a  student  of  the  coins. 

The  earliest  dynasty  of  the  group  is  that  established  by  the  Tomara 
Rajas   of  Ajmir   and   Delhi,   founded,   according   to   tradition,    in  the 
eighth   century,  but  not  authentically  known    until   the   tenth.     Cun- 
ningham gives  the  following  list  of  Rajas  and  approximate  dates  ^  : — 
1.  Sallakshanapala-deva        .         .         .         978-1003  A.D. 


2.  Ajayapala-deva 

3.  Kumarapala-deva 

4.  Anangapala-deva 

5.  Mahipala 


1003-1019 
1019-1049 
1049-1079 
1103-1128 


The  coinage  of  Ajaya-pala,  No.  2,  although  common  in  Rajputana, 
is  not  represented  in  the  cabinets  catalogued,  but  specimens  of  the 
coins  of  the  other  four  Rajas  are  included.  The  Tomara  princes  all 
followed  one  or  other  of  two  numismatic  models — either  the  coinage 
initiated  by  Gangeya-deva  of  Chedi  [ante,  p.  251),  or  the  '  bull  and 
horseman '  type  of  the  kings  of  Ohind  {ante,  p.  243).  Cunningham  has 
shown  that  Mahipala,  No.  5,  adopted  both  types  of  coinage,  and  that 
his  example  was  followed  by  the  Musalman  conqueror,  Muhammad  bin 
Sam,  or  Shihab-ud-din,  in  the  coins  which  he  struck  in  imitation  of 
Hindu  patterns.  The  known  coins  of  Kumara-pala,  which  are  scarce, 
occur  in  gold  only,  more  or  less  base,  and  of  the  Gaiigeya-deva  type. 
Sallakshana-pala  and  Ananga-pala  seem  to  have  issued  nothing  but  '  bull 

'  The  dates  are  open  to  doubt,  and  the  liistory  of  the  dynasty  generally  requires 
discussion.     I  am  not  certain  that  the  Rajas  held  Kanauj. 


INTRODUCTION 


257 


and  horseman '  coins.  The  gold  coins  of  Kumara-pala,  like  the  prototype 
issues  of  Gangeya-deva,  are  drammas  or  drachmae.  The  '  bull  and  horse- 
man '  coins  appear  to  be  composed  usually  of  billon,  a  mixture  of  silver 
and  copper,  varying  so  much  in  composition  as  to  range  from  fairly 
good  silver  to  nearly  pure  copper.  Some  of  the  pieces  may  be  classed 
as  silver.  They  are  mentioned  by  Muhammadan  historians  as  '  Dilli- 
wdls '  or  '  Delhi  coinage ',  but  theii*  Hindu  name  is  not  known.  The 
weight  of  the  '  bull  and  horseman '  series  seems  to  have  been  intended 
to  harmonize  with  that  of  the  ancient  purdna  or  '  punch -marked' 
coin  of  32  7'atis,  about  58  grains. 

The  epigraphic  material  for  the  history  of  the  second  dynasty,  the 
Gaharwar  or  Rathor  house  of  Kanauj,  is  extensive.  Here  it  will  suffice  to 
note  that  Chandra-deva  acquired  the  sovereignty  over  Kanauj  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  eleventh  century ;  and  that  his  grandson,  Govinda-chandra, 
whose  known  dates  range  from  1114  to  1154  a.  d.,  became  temporarily 
the  paramount  sovereign  of  a  large  part  of  northern  India.  The  gold 
dramma  coins  of  this  king,  often  in  extremely  base  metal,  are  abundant. 
Eight  hundred  of  them  were  found  in  1887  near  Nanpara  in  the 
Bahraich  District,  Oudh,  during  the  construction  of  the  Bengal  and 
North-Western  Railway.  His  copper  coinage,  of  the  same  type,  is 
scarce. 

Madana-pala,  father  of  Govinda-chandra,  issued  only  '  bull  and  horse- 
man '  coins,  most  of  which  seem  to  be  billon,  although  No.  1  may  be 
classed  as  silver.  Professor  Kielhorn  {Ejd.  Ind.,  viii,  App.  I)  gives  the 
dynastic  list  and  known  epigraphic  dates  as  follows  : — 

1.  Yasovigraha. 

2.  Mahichandra. 

3.  Chandradeva 1097  A.  d. 


1104-9  A.D. 
1114-54  A.D. 
1168,  1169  A.D. 
1170-87  A.D. 


4.  Madanapala    . 

5.  Govindachandra 

6.  Vijayachandia 

7.  Jayachchandra 

The  third  dynasty,  that  of  the  Chauhans  (Chahamanas)  of  AjmTr, 
Delhi,  and  Sakambharl  (Sambhar),  came  to  an  end  with  the  celebrated 
Prithvi  Raja,  or  Pirthiraj,  who  had  vanquished  the  Chandella  Raja 
Paramardi  (Parmal)  in  1183  A.  d.,  and  was  himself  defeated  and 
executed  by  Shihab-ud-din  in  1193.  The  coins  of  Prithvi  Raja  and 
his  father  Somesvara  are  all  of  the  '  bull  and  horseman '  type.  A  full 
dynastic  and  genealogical  list  of  the  family  will  be  found  in  Professor 
Kielhorn's  work  above  cited. 

The  fourth  dynasty  had  its  principal  seat  at  Narwar,  not  far  from 
Gwalior.     The  two  princes  whose  coins  are  catalogued.  Malaya-varman 


SUITU 


258   THE  MEDIAEVAL  DYNASTIES   OF  NORTHERN   INDIA 

and  Chaha(]a-cleva,  ruled  from  about  1220  to  1260  A.  D.  The  latter, 
who  is  described  by  a  Muhamraadan  historian  as  '  the  greatest  of  the 
chiefs  of  Hindustan',  was  defeated  by  Ulugh  Khan  (Balban)  in  1251  a.d. 
The  coins  of  both  Malaya- varman  and  Chahada-deva  are  of  the  '  bull 
and  horseman '  type,  and  some  are  dated. 

A  few  coins  of  the  same  type  cannot  be  assigned  definitely  to  any 
particular  ruler  or  locality.  The  legends  on  No.  1  of  Pipala  are  per- 
fectly clear,  but  the  identity  of  the  Raja  so  named  is  uncertain.  He 
may  be  the  Pipala-deva,  a  chief  at  MacharT  in  the  Alwar  State, 
Rajputana,  who  seems  to  be  mentioned  in  line  10  of  an  inscription 
{Reports,  vi.  79,  PI.  XI).  The  reverse  legend  is  Kutdmdna  &ri  Sdmanta- 
deva,  in  which  the  meaning  of  the  first  word  is  unknown.  The  title 
Samanta-deva  recurs  on  most  of  the  '  bull  and  horseman  '  coins,  having 
been  borrowed  with  the  device  from  the  Ohind  series.  Cunningham 
had  three  specimens  of  Pipala. 

The  name  read  by  Thomas  and  Cunningham  as  K'llli  possibly 
may  be  Kirti.  The  name  doubtfully  read  as  PltJii  may  be  a  form 
of  Prithvi.  The  coin  with  ^rl  Hamirah  on  the  obv.  (horseman)  side, 
and  a  strange  legend  on  the  rev.  (bull)  side  seems  to  be  the  same  as 
C.  M.  /.,  No.  22,  p.  88,  on  which  Cunningham  read  doubtfully  mau-f- 
Srl  Uvdme,  which  cannot  be  right  (PI.  XXVI,  23).  He  considered  his 
specimen  to  be  unique.  The  debased  little  coin  with  the  legend 
^^^^,  Sona-deva,  and  mere  indications  of  the  horseman,  evidently  is 
of  late  date.  The  last  coin  catalogued,  which  has  a  peculiar  horseman 
on  one  side  and  the  other  side  wholly  occupied  by  large,  late  characters, 
puzzles  me.  The  rude  copper  coins  with  ^iva  and  bull  on  the  obverse, 
and  the  monogram  reading  Kota,  or  another  read  as  ^riita,  Ghuta,  or 
Ata,  or  sometimes  a  trident  and  other  marks  on  the  reverse,  are 
common  in  the  Delhi  bazaar  and  in  the  Eastern  Panjab.  They  are 
copied  obviously  from  the  money  of  Vasudeva  Kushan,  and  some  of  the 
reverse  devices  may  be  an  echo  of  the  Sassanian  type.  Nobody  can 
determine  their  exact  date  or  who  struck  them.  Cunningham  believed 
that  they  formed  '  the  common  copper  currency  of  the  Panjab  and 
Rajputana  between  a.d.  500  and  800'. 

The  best  account  of  the  coins  treated  in  this  Section  is  that  in 
C.  M.  I.,  pp.  48,  52,  80-93,  PI.  VI,  IX.  The  earlier  discussion  of  the 
'bull  and  horseman'  series  by  Thomas  in  Chronicles  of  the  Pathdn 
Kings,  pp.  58-75,  must  be  used  with  caution,  as  it  contains  some 
serious  errors,  of  which  the  principal  is  the  assignment  of  Sallakshana- 
pala  and  Madanapala  to  the  Chandella  dynasty.  This  mistake,  repeated 
in  Pror.  A.  >S'.  B.,  p.  127,  was  corrected  ibid.,  1900,  p.  205. 


CATALOGUE 


I.     THE   TOMARA   DYNASTY   OF   AJMIR 

AND   DELHI 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


I.M. 


SALLAKSHANA-PALA,  about  978-1003  a.  d 

Bull  and  horseman  type ;  billon 

Horseman  r.,  rude.  Mar- 
ginal  legend,  Sn  Sallak- 
shana-pdla-deva. 

Similar;  -lakshana-pdla- 
deva. 


JE 

48-9 

•67 

JE 

50-6 

•65 

Recumbent  bull  1.,  in 
outline.  Legend  above, 
Sri  Sdmanta-deva. 

Similar. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


KUMARA-PALA-DEVA,  about  1019-49  a.d. 

Seated  goddess  type ;  gold 

61-7        Three-line  legend  in  large 
•72   characters,  (1)  «^nmaf=A'M 
(2)  mdra-jKila  (3)  deva. 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  Sri- 
mat=Ku  (2)  [md]ra-pdla. 


N 


N 


base 

62-7 

•6 


Seated  goddess,  as  on 
coins  of  Gangeya-deva  of 
Chedi. 

Similar ;  much  debased 
(PI.  XXVI,  14). 


ANANGA-PALA,  about  1049-79  a.d.i 

Bull  and  horseman  type;    billon  or  copper 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 

47-3 

•7 

M 

49-2 

•72 

M 

50-2 

•68 

M 

49 

•67 

M 

45-7 

•65 

M 

50 

•66 

M 

copper 

43-7 

•66 

Horseman  r.    Legend,  1. 
Sri  A ,  r,  nanga  \_pdla-deva] . 

Similar ;  Sft  Ana. 

Ditto ;  ^ri  Ananga. 

Ditto;  Ananga-p. 

Ditto ;  Sri  Ana. 

Ditto ;       -nanga\_pdYa- 
deva. 

Ditto;  Srt  Anan. 


Recumbent  bull  I.  Le- 
gend above,  Sri  Sdmanta- 
deva. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXVI,  15). 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  legend  nearly  lost. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 


^  The  first  nasal  is  written  as  a  lingual,  the  second  as  annsvdra. 

s  a 


2G()    TITK  MEDIAEVAL  DYNASTIES  OF  NORTHERN  INDIA 


3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 


MAHi-PALA,  ABOUT  1103-28  a.d. 
Bull  and  horseman  type ;  billon 


I.M. 


M 


M 


47-5 

Horseman  r.,very  rude; 

•6 

no  legend. 

46 

Similar. 

•6 

Recumbent  bull  indi- 
cated ;  above  in  bold  script, 
Mahipala  (PI.  XXVI,  16). 

Similar;  Mahipd. 


II.  THE  RATHOK  OR  GAHARWAR  DYNASTY 

OF  KANAUJ 

MADANA-PALA,  about  1080-1115  a.d. 

Bull  and  Jiorseman  type  f  I 

Silver,  base 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 


45-3 
•6 


I.M. 

yy 

)) 

A.S.B. 

5> 

J> 

I.M. 

jE 

49-9 

•64 

AL 

49-8 

•6 

JS 

49 

•65 

M 

50 

•6 

M 

50-7 

•65 

JE 

46-6 

•6 

M 

49-3 

•6 

Horseman  r.  as  usual : 
legend  indistinct. 

Billon  or  copper 

Horseman  as  usual.  Mar- 
ginal legend,  3Iadana-pdla- 
deva. 

Similar;  Madana. 

Ditto ;  &ri  Ma. 
Ditto;  Sri  Ma. 
Ditto;  Mada. 
Ditto ;  &ri  Ma. 
Ditto ;  Madana. 


Bull  as  usual.  Marginal 
legend,  Mddhava  Sri  Sd- 
manta  {Mddhava  is  a  name 
of  the  demi-god  Krishna). 

Similar;  legend  imper- 
fect. 

Ditto  ;      legend     nearly 
complete  (PI.  XXVI,  17). 
Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  Mddhava  Sri  Sam. 

Ditto ;  Sdmanta. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto;  Mddha. 


GOVINDA-CHANDRA,  about  1112-60  a.d. 

Seated  goddess  type 

Gold 


N 


M 


59^7 
•81 


66 
•75 


Three-line  legend,  (1) 
&rnnad  =  Go  (2)  vinda- 
chandra  (3)  deva,  followed 
by  triiul,  probably  a  mint- 
mark. 

Similar. 


Seated  goddess,  as  on 
coins  of  Gangeya-deva  of 
Chedi  (PI.  XXVI,  18). 


Similar. 


I 


MAHi-PALA  —  PRITHVI-RAJA 


261 


Q^t>iq1 

Metal, 

oeriai 
No. 

Museum 

Weight, 
Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

3 

Ul. 

N      58-8 
•  82 

Ditto ;  legend  imperfect. 

Ditto. 

4 

5> 

N         61 

•77 

Ditto ;      legend     almost 
complete. 

Ditto. 

5 

J> 

A^      base 

67^2 

•76 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto. 

6 

A.S.B. 

N      base 

68 

•78 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  degraded. 

6a 

?5 

N      base 

62^3 

•84 

Similar,  but  reading  and 
attribution  doubtful. 

Copper 

Similar. 

7 

I.M. 

M         37 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  Sri- 

Seated  goddess ;  degi 

ad- 

•7 

mad  =  Go{2)vinda-chandra. 

ed. 

8 

5> 

JE      40-7 
•66 

Similar. 

Similar. 

9 

5J 

M      49-3 
•66 

Ditto ;  traces  of  deva  in 
third  line. 

Ditto. 

III.     THE   CHAUHAN   DYNASTY   OF   DELHI 

AND   AJMlR 

SOMESVARA-DEVA,  about  1170-5  a.d. 

Bull  and  horseman  type;  billon  or  copper 

I.M.      M      52-7       Horseman  as  usual.   Le-        Bull  as  usual;  Sdmanta 

(PL  XXVI,  19). 


Similar,^  Legend,  Asa- 
varl  Sri  Sdma[nta  deva^. 
(Thomas  explains  Asdvari 
as  being  a  name  of  Durga.) 

Similar ;  Sri  Sdmanta. 


A.S.B. 


M 

52-7 

Horseman  as  usual.   Le- 

•62 

gend,  1.  So,  X.  me,  part  of 
the  full  legend  Sri  Some- 
ivara-deca. 

M 

50 
•65 

Similar. 

M 

copper 

41 

■6 

Similar. 

M 

48-1 
•66 

Similar. 

Similar ;  legend  very  im- 
perfect. 


PRITHVi-RAJA  (PIRTHiRAJ),  about  1175-93  a.  d. 

Bull  and  horseman  type 
Silver 


I.M. 


M 


52 
•6 


Horseman  as  usual.  Le- 
gend, Sfi  Prithvi-Rdja- 
deva. 


Bull  as  usual.  Legend, 
Asdvari  sri  Sdmanta-deva 
(PI.  XXVI,  20). 


262    THE  MEDIAEVAL  DYNASTIES  OF  NORTHERN  INDIA 


1 

2 
3 
4 
6 


Serial 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

Xi  \J, 

S 

IZO 

Billon 

2 

UI. 

JE 

47-4 
•62 

Similar  to  No.  1. 

Similar  to  No.  1  ;  legend 
incomplete. 

3 

yE 

53 
•63 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

4 

^ 

52 
•63 

Ditto;  legend  incomplete. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

5 

iE 

53-5 

Ditto ;      legend    almost 

Ditto ;      legend     almost 

•65 

complete. 

complete. 

6 

JE 

50^8 
•62 

Ditto ;  legend  complete. 

Ditto ;  less  perfect. 

7 

M 

51 

•6 
52-8 

Ditto  ;  legend  imperfect. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

8 

A.S.B. 

^ 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

•  61 

9 

)5 

M 

50^6 
•64 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  legend  complete. 

IV.     THE   DYNASTY   OF   NARWAR 

MALAYA-VARMA,  about  1220-32  a.  d. 
Horseman  type  ;  billon  or  copper 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


M 


^ 


57 
•6 


5M 
•67 


JE  copper 

44 

.57 


Horseman  as  usual ;  no 
legend. 


Ditto ;  very  poor. 


Ditto  ;  ditto. 


Three-line  legend  cover- 
ing whole  surface  ;  (1)  Sri- 
mad-=Ma  (2)  laya-va\r\m- 
ma  (3)  deva,  and  (?)  traces 
of  date. 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  Sri- 
mad=^Ma(2)  laya-va[r^m- 
[ma\.  A  railing-like  bor- 
der above. 

Similar ;  {l)^rimad  =  Ma 
(2)  [Iaya]-va[7-]mma,  and 
traces  of  a  third  line.  Bor- 
der above,  as  on  No.  2. 


CHAHADA  (CHAHARA)-DEVA,  about  1232-60  a.  d. 
Bull  and  horseman  type ;  billon  or  copper 


I.M. 


A.S.Ji. 


JE 

49^7 

•65 

^ 

54^9 

•65 

jE 

53-5 

•  62 

JE 

5b8 

•6 

A^ 

54^8 

•  66 

Horseman  as  usual.    Le- 
gend, Sn  Chdhada-deva. 
Similar ;  Chdha. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  ^n  Chd. 

Ditto;  -da-deta. 


Bull  as  usual.  Legend, 
Asdvari  iri  Sdmanta-deva. 

Similar;  legend  imper- 
fect. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 
Ditto;  ditto. 


PLATE   XXVI 


>R 


/R 


•im^    .- 


.«lT*««l   > 


COINS   OF  THE    HINDU    KINGS   OF   OHIND 
AND  OF  THE    MEDIAEVAL    DYNASTIES 
OF   CENTRAL  AND   NORTHERN    INDIA 


MALAYA-VARMA  —  UNKNOWN 


263 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

6 

7 

A.S.B. 

5? 

M  57-5 
•61 

JE  51 
•62 

Ditto ;  -hada-deva. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  nearly  defaced. 

I.M. 


I.M. 


I.M. 


V.     SUNDRY   COINS 

Bull  and  horseman  tyjje 

Billon 

PiPALA,  (?)  Raja  of  Machari 


I.M. 

M 

52-1 

Horseman  as  usual.   Le- 

•62 

gend,  &ri  Plpala. 

5> 

M 

52-4 
•64 

Similar. 

PITHI  (?  =  PRITHVl) 

A.S.B. 

M 

52 

Horseman  as  usual.  Le- 

•6 

gend,  irf^,  Pathi  [Pithi), 
followed  by  several  other 
characters. 

I.M. 

M 

52-2 
•62 

Similar;  Pithi. 

Bull  as  usual,  in  rude 
outline.  Marginal  legend, 
KutdmdiiaSrl  Sdma\nta  |, in 
late  characters  (PI.  XXVI, 
21). 

Similar;  legend  imper- 
fect. 


Bull  as  usual ;    Sri  Sd- 
manta-deva. 


Similar. 


M 


M 


50-5 
•65 


base 

43-2 

•62 


Silver 

KiRTTI  (?  KiLLI) 

Horseman  as  usual.  Le- 
gend, Sri  Ki[r\tti  (or  ? 
Killi). 

HAMiRA 

Horseman  as  usual.  Le- 
gend, Sri  Hamirah. 


^ 


1. 31.    \M 


17-5 
■4 


40 
•55 


Billon 

SONA-DEVA 

Indication  of  horseman. 

UNKNOWN 

Horseman,  not  of  usual 
type,  r. 


Bull  as  usual ;  Sdmanta- 
deva  (PI.  XXVI,  22). 


Bull  as  usual,  but  with 
crescent,  not  trident,  on 
rump.  Legend  distinct,  but 
difficult  to  read ;  seems  to  be 
the  same  as  C.  M.  /.,  PI.  IX, 
2  2,where  Cunningham  read 
Sri  Uvdme  (PI.  XXVI,  23). 


Two-line  legend  filling 
whole  surface, (1)  Sona  [2) 
deva. 


Large     characters,     not 
read. 


264    THE  MEDIAEVAL  DYNASTIES  OF  NORTHERN  INDIA 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


I.M. 


NOT  ASSIGNED 

Siva  and  bull  tyiie,  copper ;  about  500-800  a.  d. 


M 

66-3 

•  75 

M 

70 

• 

8X-65 

M 

• 

82  X -7 

M 

•  72 

M 

78 

•75 

M 

•72 

M 

•76 

M 

58-4 

•7 

M 

.8 

M 

•7 

M 

-^ 

T? 

•61 

•7 

M 

•  77 

JE 

^ 

65  X -5 

•7 

M 

.6 

Siva  and  bull,  rude. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Degraded  outline  of  (?) 
iiva. 
^iva  and  bull. 


Monogram  Kota  and  two 
symbols. 
Similar. 

Similar,  and  hu  to  r. 

As  No.  1. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Similar ;  trident  to  1. 

As  No.  1. 

Three  symbols,  one  of 
which  looks  like  a  vajra  or 
thunderbolt. 

As  No.  1,  but  a  thin 
coin. 

Nearlysimilar,  but  thick. 

Trident  and  a  character. 

Trident   and  two  other 
symbols. 
As  No.  12. 

Monogram  reading  (?) 
Sruta. 

Similar.  (Many  of  these 
coins  much  worn.  See 
J.  R.  A.  S.,  1898,  p.  450.) 


Section   XVII 
THE   HINDU  COINAGE   OF   KASHMIR 

INTRODUCTION 

The  ample  discussion  and  illustration  of  the  ancient  Kashmir  coinage 
by  Sir  Alexander  Cunningham  {G.  M.  /.,  pp.  25-46,  PI.  III-V)  and 
Dr.  Stein  (Num.  Chron.,  1899,  with  a  plate  ;  transl.  Raj  at.,  vol.  ii,  note  H) 
render  unnecessary  any  lengthy  dissertation  in  this  place.  From  the 
accession  of  Sankaravarman  in  883  a.d.,  the  chronology  is  clear  and 
certain,  but  the  dates  of  the  few  earlier  kings  whose  coins  are  represented 
in  the  following  catalogue  are  quite  unsettled.  Kalhana's  chronicle,  the 
Rdjataranginl,  records  that  an  ancient  king  named  Narendraditya  also 
bore  the  name  of  Khinkhila.  The  little  coin  with  the  legend  Khingi 
may  or  may  not  be  his,  and,  if  it  is,  the  materials  for  determining  its 
date  with  any  approach  to  exactness  do  not  exist. 

The  coins  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Toramana,  either  in  full  or  in 
an  abbreviated  form,  seem  to  date  from  the  sixth  century,  that  is  to  say, 
the  earliest  of  them  may  be  ascribed  to  that  period.  But  '  Toramanas ' 
continued  in  circulation  until  the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  is  clear,  as 
Dr.  Stein  observes,  that  such  pieces  were  struck,  '  not  only  by  the  king 
who  bore  this  name,  but  by  a  succession  of  rulers  after  him.'  I  cannot 
pretend  to  distinguish  the  imitations  from  the  originals.  Nor  is  it  at  all 
certain  who  Toramana  was.  Dr.  Stein  probably  is  right  in  believing 
that  he  is  to  be  identified  with  the  prince  so  called,  who  '  put  in  circula- 
tion coins  struck  in  his  own  name '  during  the  lifetime  of  his  brother, 
king  Hiranya.  But  we  do  not  know  when  king  Hii-anya  lived.  In 
Section  XIII,  ante,  coins  of  a  Toramana  have  been  described  which 
undoubtedly  must  be  attributed  to  the  White  Hun  chief,  the  son  of 
Mihirakula.  It  is  an  open  question  whether  or  not  the  Toramana  of  the 
Kashmir  chronicle  is  identical  with  that  chief. 

Dr.  Stein's  identification  of  Pratapa  of  the  coins  with  Pratapaditya  II, 
or  Durlabhaka,  who  was  reigning  in  700  a.d.,  is  highly  probable,  if  not 
quite  certain. 

The  fixation  in  time  and  place  of  the  king  Yasovarman,  who  struck 
rude  coins  in  the  style  of  the  early  Kashmir  rulers,  has  long  been  a  matter 


266 


THE   HINDU   COINAGE   OF   KASHMIR 


of  dispute,  and  the  problem  has  not  been  solved  yet.  The  name  does 
not  occur  in  the  Kashmir  lists.  The  correct  reading  appears  to  be 
Ya^ovuTTiia,  not  Yasodharma ;  and  it  is,  therefore,  unlikely  that 
Dr.  Hoernle's  conjecture  can  be  correct  that  the  coins  were  struck  by 
Yasodharman,  (dtas  Vishnuvardhana,  who  defeated  Mihirakula  in  or 
about  528  a.d.  The  coins  are  so  barbarous  that  it  is  impossible  to  fix: 
their  date  by  their  style.  They  are  found,  I  think,  chiefly  in  the  Panjab 
— one  was  deposited  in  the  Manikyala  stupa — and  there  are  difficulties 
consequently,  in  identifying  the  prince  who  issued  the  coins  with  Yaso- 
varman  of  Kanauj  whom  Lalitaditya  of  Kanauj  defeated  between  730 
and  740  A.D.  ;  but  no  better  specific  suggestion  is  available.  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  coins  were  struck  by  an  unrecorded  Raja 
either  in  the  Panjab  or  Kashmir  during  the  sixth  or  seventh  century. 

The  similar,  but,  perhaps,  still  ruder  coins  with  the  legend  Vinayaditya 
are  assigned  rightly  to  Jayapida  of  Kashmir  (about  750-80  a.d.),  who 
assumed  that  title.  The  similar  coins  on  which  Cunningham  read  the 
legend  6ri  Vigraha  are  of  the  same  rude  type,  and  of  approximately 
the  same  period,  but  there  is  no  record  of  any  Kashmir  prince  of  that 
name.  Dr.  Stein  reads  the  legend  as  Vihxtmkideva^  but  on  the  specimens 
which  I  have  seen  Cunningham's  reading  seems  preferable. 

From  the  time  of  Sankaravarman  (883-902  a.d.)  onwards,  the 
chronology  being  certain,  no  difficulty  occurs  in  the  attribution  of  the 
coins.  The  series  catalogued  is  very  poor  and  incomplete,  most  of 
the  rarer  kinds  being  absent.  The  type  of  all  the  coins  without  excep- 
tion ^  is  derived  from  the  standard  Kushan  type,  with  the  standing  king 
on  the  obverse  and  the  seated  goddess  on  the  reverse.  The  coins  of 
Pratapaditya,  Vinayaditya,  Yasovarman,  and  Vigraha  present  the  type 
in  an  extremely  debased,  almost  unrecognizable  form,  executed  boldly  in 
high  relief,  and  the  material  often  is  an  alloy  intended  apparently  to 
pass  as  base  gold.  But  some  of  the  coins  seem  to  be  honest  copper 
or  bronze.  The  coins  of  this  class  in  the  catalogue  range  in  weight  from 
83-8  to  123-5  grains,  and  their  mean  diameter  is  about  -85  inch.  The 
long  series  beginning  with  Sankaravarman  presents  the  same  Kushan 
type  in  a  difierent  form,  which  is  characteristic  of  Kashmir  currency. 
■J'he  earliest  examples  of  this  form  are  found  in  the  coinage  of  Toramana, 
some  specimens  of  which  exhibit  the  king  sacrificing  at  an  altar  after  the 
Kushan  manner,  clad  in  a  peculiar  skirt  and  frilled  drawers.  This 
curious  costume  assumes  a  very  grotesque  appearance  on  the  later  more 
debased  coins,  and  the  seated  goddess  of  the  reverse  sufi'ers  equal  degrada- 
tion. No  Kashmir  coins  possess  any  pretence  to  beauty — the  whole 
coinage    is    utterly   barbarous.     The   weight   of    the   Toramana   coins 


'  The  Khihgi  coin  may  not  belong  to  Kashmir. 


EARLY   KINGS 


267 


catalogued  in  this  section  ranges  from  83-8  to  111-5  grains.  Most  of 
them  weigh  about  100  grains,  a  little  more  or  less.  The  coins  from  the 
time  of  Sankaravarman  onwards  are  lighter.  Those  catalogued  range 
in  weight  (excluding  the  exceptional  No.  5  of  Kalasa)  from  71-5  to  97-5 
grains.  A  full  discussion  of  the  weight  standard  of  the  Kashmir  currency 
will  be  found  in  Dr.  Stein's  essay,  already  cited,  to  which  the  reader  is 
referred.  When  Cunningham  wrote,  an  accurate  translation  of  the 
Kashmir  chronicle  was  not  available,  so  that  some  of  his  remarks  need 
correction  in  the  light  of  Dr.  Stein's  researches.  But,  notwithstanding 
this  resei-vation,  Cunningham's  work  still  must  be  studied  by  any  person 
who  takes  an  interest  in  the  rather  unattractive  Kashmir  coinage. 


CATALOGUE 
EARLY    KINGS 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


KHINGILA  ((?)  =  KHINKHILA,  NARENDRADITYA  I),  about 

(i)  400  OR  500  A.  D. 


A.S.B. 


^ 


13 

.45 


Bust  r.  diad. 


Vase   {lota) ;    to    1.    Br. 
Khi ;  to  r.  'ngi  (PI.  XXVII, 


1 

I.M. 

2 

>> 

3 

A.S.B. 

4 

5J 

5 

>> 

6 

I.M. 

TORAMANA,  (1)  sixth  century 

jE  99-7  King  standing  offering  Goddess  seated  in  Gupta 
87  incense  at  altar  in  Kushan  fashion,  holding  lotus 
fashion,  clad  in  peculiar  flower  over  1.  shoulder;  to 
skirt  and  frilled  drawers. 
Br.  legend  1.  in  coarse,  bold 
script,  Sri  Tor  a. 


JE 


101 

•  75 
101 

•  78 
M    100-1 

.76 

^      99-2 

•8 

M      83-8 

.82 


Similar ;  Sri  To. 
Ditto ;  Sri  Tora. 
Ditto;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  Sri  Toramd. 
Ditto ;  Sri  Toramana. 


r.  ja[ya^,  '  victory ' ;    to   1. 
a  vase  (PI.  XXVII,  2). 


Similar;  no  legend. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  jci[ya]. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  no  legend ;  much 
worn. 


1  Mr.  J.  P.  Rawlins  had  nine  coins  of  this  class,  some  circular,  some  square,  diameter 
vai-ying  from  4  to  -55,  collected  iu  the  Panjab.     They  may  not  have  any  connexion  with 

Kashmir. 


268 


THE   HINDU    COINAGE   OF   KASHMIR 


Serial 

Metal, 

No. 

Museum 

Woight, 
Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

7 

A.s.n. 

JE     103-9 

Similar  to  No.  6  ;   a  (?) 

Similar    to    No.    6 ;     no 

•83 

vase    and    pellets    to    r. ; 
minute  Br.  characters  over 
king's  1.  shoulder. 

legend  (attributed  to  Tora- 
mana  by  Mr.  Rodgers;  PI. 
XXVlI,  3). 

8 

>> 

JE      96-2 
•  85 

Similar;  To. 

Similar ;  jaija. 

9 


10 


11 


6 
7 
8 


Attributed  to  TORAMANA  (Rodgers) 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


JE 


111-5 

•87 


JE  98-8 
•85 

JE  106-3 
•75 


Similar  to  preceding,  but 
earlier  in  appearance;  traces 


of  legend. 


Similar. 


Ditto ;  ruder. 


Deity  (?  male  or  female) 
seated  on  throne  with  r. 
knee  tucked  up ;  lotus 
flower  held  over  shoulder  ; 
traces  of  legend  (PI.  XXVII, 

4). 

Similar. 

Ditto;  rude  and  much 
worn. 


PRATAPADITYA  II,  Durlabhaka,  flor.  700  a.  d 
I.M. 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


N 
N 
N 
N 
N 


base 
112^7 

•9 

base 

109 

•  85 
base 

104-8 

•  81 
base 
92-7 

•85 

base 

106-2 

•8 

JE      98-4 

•  77 
114 

•8 

116 

•8 


JE 
JE 


of    the    Kushan   standing 
king ;  Ki  below  1.  arm. 


Utterly  barbarous  copy 

the    E 
Qg;   Ki 
Similar, 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Barbarous,  headless  copy 
of  seated  goddess ;  to  r.  Br. 
Sri  Pratapa  (PI .  XXVII,  5). 

Similar. 


Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


YASOVARMAN,  (?)  of  Kashmir  or  Kanauj,  about  (?)  730  a.  d. 


I.M. 


N 


base 

115-7 

•9 


Scarcely  recognizable 
copy  of  the  Kushan  stand- 
ing king ;  Ki  below  1.  arm. 


Headless  seated  goddess, 
even  more  barbarous  than 
on  the  Pratapa  coins ;  Br. 
legend  r.,  Sn  Yaiov[arma] 
(PI.  XX  VII,  6). 


I 


TORAMANA  —  SANKARAVARMAN 


269 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

2 

I.M. 

N      base 

115-2 

-9 

Similar. 

Similar. 

3 

A.S.B. 

A/"      base 

113-1 

•9 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

4 

J5 

Al.      base 

114-2 

•9 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

5 

JJ 

N      base 

114-1 

-93 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  ^rl  Ya. 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


VINAYADITYA  (JAYAPIDA),  about  750-80  a.d. 


I.M. 

A.S.B. 

I.M. 
A.S.B. 


M    123-5 
•9 


AL    113-5 

-87 
M    108-3 

-87 
JE      99-9 

-87 
JE       112 

-85 
JE    110-5 

-85 


Standing  king — a  mere 
trace  of  the  device;  to  r. 
jaya,  and  ke  below. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  ^ri  Vinaya. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 


Headless  seated  goddess, 
barely  recognizable.  Le- 
gend Sri  Vina\_ydditya]  (PI. 
XXVIT,  7). 

Similar. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto.^ 


(?)  VIGRAHA  (VISRAMSADEVA),  about  seventh  century 


2 
3 


I.M. 


M 


M 


117 

•85 


117 

-85 

JE    111-8 

-82 


As  on  coins  of  Vinaya- 
ditya ;  Kida  under  1,  arm. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 


As  on  coins  of  Vinaya- 
ditya.  Legend,  Sri  Vigra- 
[ha]  (PI.  XXVII,  8). 

Similar. 

Ditto.^ 


A.S.B. 


UTPALA   DYNASTY 

SANKARAVARMAN,  883-902  a.d. 


JE 

94 

-75 

M 

87-8 

-76 

Seated    goddess ;    to    r. 
Sanka[ra]. 
Similar;  Sa. 


Standing  king,  barely  re- 
cognizable ;  to  r.  varma.'^ 
Similar. 


^  The  metal  of  these  coins  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  brass,  possibly  containing  a  little  gold. 
^  On  the  coins  of  this  dynasty  it  is  preferable  to  consider  the  goddess  side  as  the  obv., 


on  account  of  the  arrangement  of  the  legends. 


270 


THE   HINDU   COINAGE   OF   KASJIMIR 


Serial 
No. 


3 

4 

1 
2 
3 

1 
2 
3 

4 

1 

2 
3 

1 
2 
3 

4 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


1 
2 


A.s.n. 

I.M. 


A.S.B. 

>j 

I.M. 

M 
jE 

M 
M 

JE 


86 

•75 

87 

•77 


Similar  to  No.  2  ;  ^ahka. 
Ditto ;  legend  indistinct. 


Similar  to  No.  2. 
Ditto;  poor. 


GOPALAVARMAN,  902-4  a.d. 


85-2 

•75 

86 

•77 

85-5 

•72 


Goddess ;  to  r.  Gopdla. 

Similar. 

Ditto;  Gopa. 


King;  to  r.  varma. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


SUGANDHA  RANI  (Queen),  904-6  a.d. 
Goddess;  1.  Sri;  r.  Su 

Similar. 


M 

91-5 

•  78 

M 

92-8 

•  76 

M 

89-3 

•77 

M 

83-5 

•73 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


King ;  r.  devya. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  much  worn. 


n 


PARTHA,  906-21  a.d.,  and  (restored)  934-5  a.d. 


I.M. 
A.S.B. 


M 

84-2 

•8 

M 

95^1 

•75 

M 

89^3 

76 

Goddess;  r.  Pdrtha. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 


King;  legend  wanting. 

Similar;    r.   varma  (PI. 
XXVII,  9). 
Ditto;  worn. 


KSHEMAGUPTA  with  Queen  DIDDA,  950-8  a.d. 


I.M. 

55 

55 

A.S.B. 

JE 
JE 
JE 


92-7 

•75 

97-5 

•76 

79-7 

•75 

89-7 

•7 

Goddess ;  1.  Di ;  r.  Kshe- 


ma. 


Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


King ;  r.  gu. 

Similar ;  legend  wanting 
(PI.  XXVII,  10). 
Ditto ;  gu. 

Ditto ;  gupta ;  poor  con- 
dition. 


ABHIMANYUGUPTA,  958-72  a.d. 


A.S.B. 

A.S.B. 
I.M. 


M      79-3 

•  7 


Goddess;  1.  A.;  r.  bhi- 
man[yu^. 

NANDIGUPTA,  972-3  a.d 


King ;  r.  gu[pta']. 


JE 

92-8 

•75 

JE 

81 

■75 

gu. 


Goddess ;  1.  Na ;  r.  7idi- 
I. 
Similar. 


King;  r.;?^a,  followed  by 
{?)  de[ra]  {PL  XXVII,  11). 
Similar  ;  worn. 


T^t 


GOPALAVARMAN  —  SANGRAMA 


271 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

Size        1 

TRIBHUVANAGUPTA,  973-5  a.d. 

1 

IJL 

M 

71-5 
•7 

Goddess ;  1.  Tri ;  r.  hhu- 

«a[na]. 

King ;  r.  gupta. 

BHiMAGUPTA,  975-80  a.  d. 

1 

A.S.B. 

M 

84-8 

•  7 

Goddess ;  1,  Bin  ;  r.  ma. 

King;  r.  gupta  (PI. 
XXVII,  12). 

2 

I.M. 

M 

85 
•75 

Similar. 

Similar;  legend  imper- 
fect. 

Queen  DIDDA  alone,  980-1003  a.d. 

1 

I.M. 

M 

90-2 

Goddess ;  1.  ^n  ;  r.  Did- 

King;    r.    dev[ija\    (PI. 

•7 

dd. 

XXVII,  13). 

2 

)> 

M 

88 
•75 

Similar. 

Similar ;  legend  want- 
ing. 

3 

5> 

M 

83-8 
•75 

Ditto ;  ^ri  Di. 

Ditto ;  de. 

4 

It 

M 

77-7 
•75 

Ditto ;  Sri  Diddd. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

5 

A.S.B. 

M 

90^1 

•77 

Ditto ;  &ri  Di. 

Ditto;  dev. 

6 

55 

M 

84-5 

•  7 

76^4 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  no  legend. 

7 

55 

^ 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

•75 

8 

)> 

M 

84^4 
•73 

Ditto ;  Sri  Diddd. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


FIRST   LOHARA   DYNASTY 

SANGRAMA,  1003-28  a.d. 


M 

89 

•75 

M 

93 

•71 

M 

89 

•75 

M 

84^7 

•  77 

M 

77-6 

•7 

JE 

85^5 

•78 

M 

85-4 

•71 

Goddess ;  \.  Sa;  r.  ngrd- 

m,a\rd\ 
Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


King;    r.  ja   deva   (PI. 
XXVII,  14). 

Similar ;  r.  ja  [deva). 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  ja  deva. 

Ditto ;  legend  indistinct. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto  ;  ditto  ;  worn. 


272 


THE  HINDU   COINAGE   OF   KASHMIR 


Serial 
No. 


Obverse 


Reverse 


1 
2 
3 

4 


1 
2 
3 
4 
6 

6 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


I.M. 

■!■> 

A.S.D. 

!■> 

JE 

91-5 

•74 

M 

88-7 

•77 

M 

87^2 

•74 

M 

95 

•7 

ANANTA,  1028-63  a.  D. 
Goddess  ;   1.  ^  ;  r.  nanta 

Similar. 

Ditto;  Ananta  rd. 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 

KALASA,  1063-89  a.d. 


King  ;  r.  ja  de\va\. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


JE 

92-7 

•71 

JE 

86 

•75 

M 

85 

•75 

JE 

82-8 

•75 

JE 

66^1 

•7 

JE 

88-6 

•73 

Goddess ;  1.  Ka ;  r.  laSa 

[rd]. 
Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


Ditto. 


King ;    r.   ja  deva  (PI. 
XXVII,  15). 
Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  no  legend:  well 
preserved,  but  weight  ex- 
ceptionally ligbt ;  style 
peculiar. 

As  Nos.  1-4. 


HARSHA,  1089-1101  a.d. 


A.S.B. 

J? 

)> 

I.M. 

''^ 

?> 

^ 

94 

•73 

M 

101-5 

•75 

JE 

97^3 

•68 

JE 

89-2 

•7 

JE 

101-2 

•  7 

jE 

90-4 

•7 

Goddess;  1.  Ha;  r.  rsha 
rd[ja]. 
Similar. 

Similar;  HarsTia. 

Ditto ;  Ilarsha  rd. 

Ditto ;  Harslia. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 


King ;      r.     deva     (PI, 
XXVII,  IG). 
Similar. 

Similar;  de. 

Ditto :  legend  illegible. 

Ditto;  deva;  very  rude 
coin. 

Ditto  ;  raja  deva  ;  rude 
coin  of  irregular  shape,  ap- 
parently struck  on  a  cast 
blank. 


SECOND   LOHARA   DYNASTl 

SUSSALA,  1112-28  a.d. 

A.S.B.  I  Al      96-2  I      Goddess;  1.  &ri\  r.  Sus 
I  •(  \  sa\la\. 


King :  r.  deva. 


ANANTA  —  UNCERTAIN 


273 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 
Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


1 
2 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

1 
2 


I.M. 
A.S.B. 

A.S.B. 


JAYASIMHADEVA,  1128-55  a.d.^ 

M      85-8 

•8 

M         86 

•78 


Goddess ;     1.    Jay  a  ;    r. 
si\^i'nha]. 
Similar. 


King ;  no  legend. 

Similar. 


JAGA-DEVA,  1198-1214  (Cunningham) 


I.M. 


M 

87-9 

•78 

M 

89-2 

•7 

M 

79-8 

•72 

M 

87-7 

•7 

M 

89 

•7 

A.S.B. 
I.M. 


M 

104 

•87 

M 

84 

.72 

Goddess;  1.  Jd;  r.  ga. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

UNCERTAIN 

Goddess  ;  1.  (?) ;  r.  jaya. 

Goddess ;  r.  ia. 


King;     r,     [c?e2ja]    (PI. 
XXVII,  17). 

Similar ;  \.  dc,  r.  va. 

Ditto ;  no  clear  legend. 

Ditto;  1.  de. 

Ditto  ;  \.  da;  r.  va. 


King  ;  1.  (?)  prd. 

King  (assigned  by  Rod- 
gers  without  sufficient  rea- 
son to  Unmatti). 


^  Cunningham  erroneously  distinguishes  Jayasimha  I  (1127-30)  from  Jayasiihha  II 
(1132-55).  In  reality  there  was  only  one  Jayasiihha,  who  reigned  for  twenty-seven  years. 
His  history  is  related  at  great  length  in  Rajatarangini,  Bk.  viii,  and  in  Stein's  Introduction ; 
see  also  Stein,  vol.  ii,  p.  814,  note. 

2  Jaga-deva  is  not  included  in  Stein's  lists  because  the  Rdjat,  was  completed  in 
1149-50  A.D.  ■ 


Section  XVIII 

THE   COINS   OF  THE  MAHARAJAS   OF 

KANGRA 

INTRODUCTION 

The  great  fort  at  Kangra  (N.  lat.  32°  5',  E.  long.  76°  18')  in  early 
times  was  the  stronghold  of  the  kingdom  of  Jalandhara  or  Trigarta. 
The  family  of  the  Rajas  claimed  the  honour  of  very  high  antiquity,  but 
their  coinage  is  comparatively  modern.  It  begins  with  coins  bearing 
the  legend  Sdnnanta  deva,  directly  imitated  from  the  '  bull  and  horse- 
man' coins  of  the  kings  of  Ohind  {ante,  Sect.  xiv).  It  is  impossible 
to  deteitnine  the  personal  name  or  the  exact  date  of  the  Raja  of 
Kangra  who  struck  the  Sdmanta  deva  pieces ;  but,  so  far  as  may  be 
judged  from  their  appearance,  and  their  close  resemblance  to  the  coins 
known  to  belong  to  the  fourteenth  century,  they  cannot  be  assigned 
to  a  period  much  anterior  to  1300  A.  d.  The  earliest  coins  assignable 
to  a  named  Raja  of  Kangra  are  those  of  Pithama  (Prithivi)  chandra  deva, 
who  reigned  from  about  1315  to  1330  a.  d.  The  series  closes  with  Triloka 
chandra  deva  in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  thus 
extends  over  a  period  of  three  hundred  j^ears  in  round  numbers. 
During  this  period,  according  to  Cunningham's  list  (CM.  I.,  p.  104), 
eighteen  Rajas  reigned,  and  fifteen  of  them  are  known  to  have  struck 
coins.  In  the  following  catalogue  the  coinage  of  twelve  of  those  fifteen 
princes  is  represented. 

The  coins  from  first  to  last  vary  little,  all  being  shabby  little  pieces 
of  copper  or  bronze,  rudely  executed  and  devoid  of  all  pretence  to 
artistic  merit.  The  type  is  a  degraded  imitation  of  the  '  bull  and 
horseman'  device  of  the  Ohind  coins  (ante,  Sect,  xiv),  the  bull  being 
sometimes  omitted,  and  the  outline  of  the  horseman  often  barely 
recognizable.  The  diameter  ordinarily  varies  between  '5  and  -6  inch, 
with  an  average  of  about  -55.  The  coin  of  Dharma  chandra  deva, 
diameter  -41,  is  exceptionally  small.  The  weight  usually  is  a  little 
above  or  below  50  grains.  Excluding  the  anomalous  Dharma  chandra 
deva  coin  with  a  weight  of  22-5  grains,  and  a  few  worn  coins  weighing 


INTRODUCTION 


275 


between  30  and  40  grains  each,  the  weight  of  the  specimens  catalogued 
ranges  from  40  to  63-3  grains. 

The  chief  interest  of  this  merely  local  coinage  is  derived  from  its 
remarkable  uniformity  and  persistence  of  type.  The  coins  are  described 
with  sufficient  fullness  by  Cunningham  (C  31.  I.,  pp.  101-8,  PI.  XI), 
but  Rodgers  has  pointed  out  that  the  reading  of  the  name  Kapa  is 
erroneous.  The  coins  attributed  to  the  imaginary  Kapa  appear  to 
belong  to  Rupa  chandra  deva,  the  contemporary  of  Firoz  Tughlak  in 
the  fourteenth  century.  Dr.  Vogel  has  been  engaged  recently  in  investi- 
gating the  antiquities  of  the  Kangra  Valley,  and  when  his  researches 
are  published  the  local  history  will  be  known  more  fully  than  it  is  at 
present.  He  now  announces  (1906)  that  '  the  historical  fort  and  the 
numerous  temples  of  Kangra  Kot  are  completely  destroyed'  by  the 
earthquake  of  1905. 

CATALOGUE 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


2 
3 
4 
5 


2 
3 

4 


SAMANTA  DEVA,  about  1300   a.d.i 


A.S.B. 


M 

59-4 

•57 

JE 

53-5 

•59 

JE 

5M 

•57 

JE 

47 

•55 

JE 

53-8 

•57 

Recumbent  bull  1. ;   Sn 
Sdmanta  above. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  ^n  Sdmanta  deva. 

Ditto ;  &ri  Sdmanta. 


Debased  horseman,  as  on 
coins  of  Obiad  (PL  XXVII, 
18). 

Similar. 

Ditto ;  Sri  above. 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  &rl  above. 


PiTHAMA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1330-45  a.  d 
l.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 

55-4 

•6 

JE 

50-5 

•55 

JE 

57-6 

•55 

JE 

48^7 

•  53 

JE 

49^5 

•  55 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 
Pltha-  (2)  ma  chandra. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Three-line  legend,  (1) 
&rt  Pltha-  (2)  ma  chandra 
(3)  deva,  imperfect. 

Similar. 


Debased  horseman,  as  on 
coins  of  kings  of  Ohind 
(PI.  XXVII,  19). 

Similar. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Ditto. 


1  This  designation  is  not  to  be  taken  as  the  personal  name  of  a  Maharaja  of  Kangra ; 
the  title  simply  seems  to  be  copied  from  the  Ohind  coins. 

T  2 


276       THE  COINS   OF   THE   MAHARAJAS  OF   KANGRA 


Sorial 

No.    I 


Museum 


1 
2 

3 

4 
5 
6 

7 

8 
9 

10 


11 
12 


3 
4 


Ml-IuI, 

Woisht, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


APURVA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1345-60  a.d. 


.4..S.7;. 


JJI. 


A.S.B. 


JE 
M 

JE 
JE 

JE 


47-1 

•58 

51-2 

•  56 
48-5 

•55 
50-3 

•  57 
48 

•  55 
48-7 

•55 

59 

•6 


52 

•  56 
43^5 
•5 

oval 

39^2 

6X-45 


M 

^ 


49-5 
.55 

44^3 
•55 


Recumbent   bull  1. ;  Sri 
Apu[r^va  above. 
Similar ;  ^ri  Aim. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto;  Apurva. 

Ditto ;  ^ri  Apurva. 

Three-line  legend,  (1) 
Maharaja  (2)  ^ri  Apu  (3) 
rva  Chandra  deva,  imper- 
fect. 

Similar ;  legend  indis- 
tinct. 

Ditto;  (1)  Mahard[ja'\ 
(2)  ^rl  Ap[u]  (3)  rva  Chan- 
dra deva,  imperfect. 

Four-line  legend,  (1) 
[Ma]hdra.ja  (2)  [^r]l  Ap- 
urva (3)  [chayidra  deva 
(4)  perhaps  a  date,  indis- 
tinct.^ 

Three-line  legend,  (1) 
Apu  (2)  chandra  (3)  deva. 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  ^rl 
A  {2)  chandra. 


Debased  horseman    (PI. 
XXVII,  20). 
Similar. 

Ditto ;  ^ri  above. 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 


Ditto ;  Sri  above. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 


RtJPA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1360-75  a.  d. 


I.M. 


JE         46  I      Two-line  legend  in  large 
5   script, {l)\_Rujpacha[ndra^ 
(2)  deva. 

Recumbent  bull  1. ;  mar- 
ginal   legend    above,   Sri 
Rilpa  cha\ndra^. 
Similar ;  Sri  Rupa. 

Ditto;  ditto.  (The  Ru 
looks  like  Ka,  and  was  so 
read  on  similar  coins  by 
Cunningham,  but  Rodgers 
gives  the  '  Kapa '  coins  to 
Rupa.) 


JE 

50 

•57 

JE 

53 

•52 

JE 

54-5 

•6 

Debased  horseman. 

Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  &rl  above  horse. 
Ditto. 


'  Cunningham  bad  one  dated  coin  of  Eama  chandra  deva. 


APURVA  CHANDRA  DEVA  — HARI  CHANDRA   DEVA    Til 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

5 

A.S.B. 

M      53-3 
•  56 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto. 

6 

i> 

M      47-8 
•55 

Ditto ;  Sri  Ru. 

Ditto. 

7 

jj 

M      47-8 
•58 

Ditto ;  ^ri  Rupa. 

Ditto. 

8 

>) 

M         44 
•55 

Ditto ;  Rupa. 

Ditto. 

SINGARA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1375-90  a.  d. 
I.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 

47-6 

.52 

^ 

47-9 

•55 

M 

53 

•55 

M 

47-8 

•  55 

M 

55 

•55 

M 

44-3 

•55 

JE 

40 

•51 

Three-line  legend,  (1) 
[Ma]hdrdja  (2)  [-^n]  Sin- 
gdra  (3)  [cha^ndra  deva. 

Similar;  (1)  Maharaja 
indistinct  (2)  Sri  Singd[ra~\ 
(3)  Chandra  de\va^. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Debased  horseman. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto ;  &rt  above. 


MEGHA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1390-1405  a.d. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 


M 


48 
•55 


M 


OTal 

48-5 

6X.5 

44 

•52 

M      43^4 

•51 

M      33-4 

•52 


Three-line  legend,  (1) 
Mahdrdja  (2)  &rl  Meg  ha 
(3)  Chandra  deva,  nearly 
complete. 

Similar. 


Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Debased    horseman   (PI. 
XXVII,  21). 


Similar ;  (?)  Sri  above. 

Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  (?)  »^n  above. 

Ditto;  worn. 


HARI  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1405-20  a.  d. 


A.S.B. 


M 


44 
•51 


^      63-3 
•55 


Three-Hue  legend,  (l)l/a- 
hdrdja  (2)  Sri  Hari  cha 
(3)  ndra  deva,  almost 
complete. 

Similar;  ^ri  Hari,  not 
Harl. 


Debased   horseman   (PI. 
XXVII,  22). 


Similar. 


278       THE  COINS   OF   THE  MAHARAJAS   OF   KANGRA 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

3 

A.S.B. 

M      52-2 
•55 

As  No.  2. 

As  No.  2. 

4 

I.M. 

-E      47-5 
•55 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

6 

)> 

yE      57-4 
•57 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

6 

)> 

^      53-3 
•54 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

7 

>» 

JE      56-7 
•  58 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

8 

A.S.B. 

yE         55 
•53 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

KARMA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about 

1420-35  A.D. 

1 

A.S.B. 

^      48-7 
•5 

Three-line  legend,  ( 1 )  Ma- 
haraja (2)  ^rl  Karma  (3) 
Chandra  deva,  nearly  com- 

Debased horseman. 

2 

55 

JE      45-4 
.5 

plete. 
Similar. 

Similar;  Sri. 

AVATARA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1450-65  a.d. 


1 

I.M. 

2 

>> 

3 

jj 

4 

A.S.B. 

6 

» 

6 

j> 

M 

47 

•55 

M 

35-5 

•51 

M 

44 

•5 

M 

44-3 

•  55 

M 

48-1 

•55 

M 

44 

•  52 

Three-line  legend,  ( 1 )  Ma- 
haraja (2)  Sri  Avatd[ra] 
(3)  Chandra  deva. 

Similar;  incomplete. 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 
Ditto  ;  ditto. 


Debased  horseman. 

Similar ;  defaced. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


NARENDRA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1465-80  a.  d. 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


^      45-3 
•5 

^      37^9 
•5 


Three-line  legend,  (1) 
[Mahdrdja]  (2)  Sri  Naren- 
dra  (3)  chandra  de\va~\. 

Similar;  incomplete. 


Debased  horseman. 


Similar. 


(?)RAMA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1510-28  a.d. 


I.M. 


M      48^5 
•55 


Recumbent  bull  1.;  above 
Sri  (?)  Rama  (Rodgers). 


Debased  horseman. 


PLATE    XXVI 


J 


NY 


-?v*. 


Jr^ 


A/ 


;!'-*V'*w 


A/ 


C:^^:^'--: 

'\-: 


w  h:^c 


-^^^  ^  -^  "- 


*«  .*-> 


v-^ 


lO  >E 


KASHMIR    AND    KANGRA 


J 


KARMA  CHANDRA  DEVA  — TRILOKA  CHANDRA  DEVA    279 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


DHARMA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1528-63  a.  d. 


IJI. 


yE 


22-5 
•41 


legend      in 


Two  -  line 
square,     (1)    Dharrna    (2) 
chan[dra]. 


Defaced ;  should  be 
Durgd  devi  (Rodgers  ;  not 
as  given  by  Cunningham). 


TRILOKA  CHANDRA  DEVA,  about  1610-25  a.d. 


IJI. 


A.S.B. 


JE 

M 


49-6 
•56 


49-7 
•  55 

53-5 

•58 

43 

•57 

49 

•6 

43 

•57 

4G-2 
•55 

47^3 
•55 

44-6 
•55 


Three -line    legend,    (1)  1      Debased    horseman  (PI. 
Maharaja  (2)   -Sri    Triloka   XXVII,  23). 
(3)  chandra    deva,  almost 
complete. 

Similar;  less  complete. 


Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Similar. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto  ;  Sri. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto ;  Sri. 


I 


Section   XIX 
NEPAL  AND   CHAMPARAN 

INTRODUCTION 

The  modem  kingdom  of  Nepal,  a  considerable  territory  extending 
east  and  west  for  a  distance  of  about  five  hundred  miles  between  the 
Indian  plains  and  the  Himalayan  snowy  range,  with  a  breadth  of  about 
one  hundred  and  thirty  miles,  was  formed  by  the  Gurkha  or  Gorkhali 
conquests  in  the  eighteenth  century,  as  modified  by  subsequent  trans- 
actions with  the  Government  of  India.  But,  strictly  speaking,  the  name 
Nepal  applies  only  to  the  valley  surrounding  the  capital,  and  in  ancient 
documents  it  must  be  so  interpreted.  The  other  territories  now  included 
in  the  kingdom  were  ruled  formerly  by  various  independent  Rajas. 
The  Valley  of  Nepal  is  a  tract  of  comparatively  level  ground  elevated 
about  4,500  feet  above  the  sea,  with  an  average  length  from  east  to 
west  of  about  twenty  miles,  and  an  average  breadth  from  north  to 
south  of  about  fifteen  miles.  This  small  region  contains  no  less  than 
three  considerable  towns  or  cities,  which  have  been  the  capitals  of 
principalities,  namely,  Kathmandu^  (lat.  27°  42' N.,  long.  85°  36' E.)  or 
Kantipur,  the  present  capital ;  Patan  or  Lalitapur,  two  miles  to  the 
south-east  of  Kathmandii,  and  Bhatgaon  or  Bhatgaon,  nine  miles  to 
the  east  of  that  city.  About  sixty  smaller  towns  are  scattered  over 
the  valley. 

Nepal,  in  the  limited  sense  defined  above,  was  included  in  the 
empire  of  Asoka,  but  in  the  fourth  century  a.  d.  was  outside  of  the 
dominions  of  Samudra  gupta.  About  637  a.  d.  it  seems  to  have  been 
conquered  by  Harsha  vardhana,  Lord  Paramount  of  Northern  India, 
whose  era,  dating  from  606-7  A.  D.,  was  used  in  the  country  in  640  and 
645  A.  D.  {Ind.  Ant.,  xix,  40;  contra,  Ettinghausen,  Harm-Vardhana^ 
p.  47,  Louvain,  1906).  But  his  suzerainty  over  the  valley  lasted  only 
a  few  years,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  648  a.  d.  Nepal  was  a 
dependency  of  Tu-fan  or  Tibet. 

Its  numismatic  history  begins  in  the  sixth  century  with  a  series 
of  large  copper  coins  bearing  the  names  of  Mananka,  Gunaiika,  Vai^ra- 

'  For  tlio  spoiling  see  Bendall,  Journey,  p.  3,  note.    The  text  follows  Wright's  History 
of  Nepfd,  cited  as  W. 


INTRODUCTION  281 

vana,  Amsuvarman,  Jishnugupta,  and  Pa^upati.  Inscriptions  and  the 
testimony  of  the  Chinese  pilgrim  Hiuen  Tsang  prove  that  Amsuvarman 
was  reigning  between  640  and  650,  and  that  he  was  succeeded  by 
Jishijugupta.  The  dates  of  the  coins  inscribed  with  the  names  of 
Manahka,  Gunaiika,  Vaisravana,  and  Pasupati  cannot  be  determined 
with  equal  precision,  but  those  of  Mananka  may  be  assigned  to  the  sixth, 
and  the  latest,  those  of  Pasupati,  to  the  eighth  century.  Vaisravana 
and  Pasupati  probably  are  the  names  of  deities,  not  of  kings. 

A  Raja  named  Raghava  deva  introduced  a  new  era,  the  Nepali 
or  Newar  Samvat,  the  first  year  of  which  began  on  October  20,  879  a.d. 
Dates  recorded  in  this  era  are  converted  roughly  into  dates  A.  D.  by 
the  addition  of  880.  M.  L^vi  believes  that  the  establishment  of  the 
Nepali  era  was  the  official  declaration  of  the  independence  of  Nepal,  which 
then  severed  its  political  dependence  on  Tibet.  A  wide  gap  separates 
the  latest  ancient  coins,  those  bearing  the  name  of  Pasupati,  from  the 
earliest  coins  of  the  Malla  kings  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  when  the  country  was  divided  into  the  three  principalities  of 
Bhatofaon,  Kathmandu,  and  Patan,  The  first  recorded  coin  date  seems 
to  be  751  N.  S.  =  1631  a.d.  of  Siddhi  narasimha  of  Patan;  but  the 
catalogue  includes  an  undated  coin  of  Lakshmi  narasimha  of  Kathmandu, 
who  reigned  from  1595  to  1639  a.d.  According  to  the  native  chronicle 
the  first  silver  coinage  of  Nepal  was  struck  in  the  sixteenth  century 
by  Raja  Mahindra  Malla  (No.  13)  of  Kathmandu,  who  visited  Delhi, 
and  obtained  special  permission  from  the  Emperor,  presumably  Akbar 
(W.,  p.  207).  The  coins  of  the  Malla  Rajas  of  the  three  principalities 
are  dated,  if  dated  at  all,  in  the  Nepali  or  Newar  era,  and  the  series 
extends  up  to  the  Gorkhali  conquest  in  1768  a.d. 

In  that  year  Prithvi  narayana  sah,  who  had  become  Raja  of  Gorkha, 
forty  miles  to  the  west  of  Kathmandu  in  1742  (W.,  p.  290),  conquered 
the  Valley  of  Nepal,  and  established  the  dynasty  which  still  subsists, 
although  overshadowed  by  the  hereditary  ministers,  who  are  the  real 
rulers  of  the  country.  The  Gorkhali  coins  are  dated  in  the  Saka  era, 
which  may  be  converted  roughly  into  the  Christian  era  by  the  addition 
of  78. 

The  ancient  copper  coinage  of  Amsuvarman,  &c.  is  closely  allied  to 
the  Yaudheya  coinage,  and,  like  it,  is  descended  from  the  Kushan. 
The  heaviest  of  the  specimens  catalogued  weighs  208-4  grains,  and  may 
have  been  intended  for  a  1^  pawa  piece  of  about  219  grains.  The  Malla 
coinage,  in  silver  only,  seems  to  have  been  struck  to  the  Delhi  rupee 
standard  of  175  grains.  Some  specimens  exhibit  imperfect  attempts  to 
copy  the  Persian  or  Arabic  legends  of  the  Mughal  coinage.  All  the 
known  coins  are  broad  thin  pieces  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  generally 
weighing  about  85  grains.     The  heaviest  recorded  weight  for  these  half- 


282  NEPAL  AND   CHAMPARAN 

rupees  is  87-5  grains  for  coins  of  Siddhi  narasiiiiha  of  Patan  and 
Kanajita  raalla  of  Bhatgaon.  The  types,  excepting  a  few  pieces  which 
attempt  to  copy  the  Mughal  coinage,  are  local  in  character. 

The  Gorkhrdi  coinage  bears  a  general  resemljlance  to  that  of  the  Malla 
Rajas,  and  is  struck  to  the  same  standard,  but  includes  examples  of  whole 
rupees,  as  well  as  of  fractions  smaller  than  the  half.  Glrvan  yuddha 
vikraraa  and  Surendra  vikrama  issued  gold  coins  similar  to  the  silver  in 
weight  and  design ;  and  the  last-named  prince  also  emitted  an  extensive 
copper  coinage.  But  the  Nepalese  prefer  the  so-called  '  dumpy  pice ', 
rough  lumps  of  copper  manufactured  by  private  persons,  which  are 
largely  used  to  this  day,  not  only  in  Nepal,  but  in  the  adjoining 
British  districts. 

For  the  ancient  copper  coinage,  C.  A.  I.,  pp.  112-18,  PI.  XIII,  is  the 
best  authority.  The  Malla  and  Gorkhall  coinage  has  not  been  described 
previously  in  detail,  and,  except  a  few  specimens  in  Marsden's  Numis- 
mata  Orientalia,  could  be  studied  hitherto  only  in  Mr.  Rodgers'  rough 
lists.  The  collection  now  catalogued,  the  origin  of  which  I  do  not 
know,  is  sufliiciently  comprehensive  to  give  a  good  notion  of  the  coinage 
of  Nepal  from  1600  A.  D.  to  the  present  time. 

Materials  for  the  history  of  the  country  will  be  found  in  sundry 
articles  in  Ind.  Ant.,  vols,  ix,  xiii,  xiv;  D.  Wright,  History  of  Nepal 
(Cambridge  Univ.  Press,  1877,  cited  as  W.) ;  Prof.  C.  Bendall,  A  Journey 
in  Nepal  and  Northern  India  (Cambridge  Univ.  Press,  1886 ;  esp. 
Table  II) ;  '  The  History  of  Nepal  and  Surrounding  Kingdoms  (1000- 
1600  A.  D.),  compiled  chiefly  from  MSS.  lately  discovered '  (/.  A.  S.  B., 
Part  I,  1903) ;  and  Prof.  Sylvain  Levi,  Le  Nepal,  iStude  historique  d'un 
Moyaume  hindou  (3  vols.,  Paris,  1905).  The  last-named  work  embodies 
the  results  attained  by  all  earlier  inquirers.  I  have  seen  only  the  first 
volume. 

The  proper  attribution  of  the  coins  of  Madana  simha  deva  of  Cham- 
paran  was  discovered  by  the  late  Prof.  C.  Bendall,  who  gives  the 
following  list  of  the 

'  Dynasty  of  Gorakhpur-Champaran  (Western  Tirhiit) 

1.  Prithvi-siriiha  deva,  A.  D.  1434-5. 

2.  Saktisiriiha. 

3.  Madana  (Siriiha  deva),  1453-4,  1457-8'  {J.A.S.B.,  Parti,  1903, 
ut  sup.,  pp.  20,  31  of  reprint). 

The  coins,  which  are  common  in  Gorakhpur,  also  occur  in  the 
Panjab  (Rodgers,  Cat.  I.  M.,  Part  III,  pp.  100,  125  ;  Cat.  Lahore  Mus., 
Part  IV,  p.  12  (20  specimens),  with  erroneous  readings ;  V.  A.  Smith, 
J.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  1897,  p.  310 ;  the  reading  j'>?'a«a2/a  gives  better  sense 
than  pranava). 


CATALOGUE 


NEPAL 
1.    ANCIENT  KINGS;  sixth  to  eighth  centuries  a.d. 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


2 
3 


Copper 
MANANKA  (?  MANADEVA),  exact 


A.S.B. 


LM. 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


184-8 
1-0 


208-4 
1-05 

202-8 
1-04 


202-8 
l-Ol 

185 
1-04 


Lion  standing  1.;  in  front 
of  him,  according  to  Cun- 
ningham, lotus  plant, 
flower,  and  bird ;  above, 
Sri  Mdndnka. 

Similar;  standard  ■with 
ribbons  in  front  of  lion. 

Similar ;  lion  in  dotted 
circle  ;  no  object  in  front 
of  him ;  legend  lost  or 
wanting. 

Similar  ;  long  -  stalked 
lotus  flower  in  front  of  lion; 
legend  as  on  No.  1. 

Similar;  only  lion  visi- 
ble. 


DATE   UNCERTAIN 

Goddess  seated  cross  - 
legged,  with  r.  hand  raised ; 
legend  r.,  Sri  Bhogini 
{C.A.I.,  PI.  XIII,  1). 

Defaced. 


Goddess  and   legend   as 
on  No.  1. 


Almost  defaced. 


As  No.  1  ;  in  bad  con- 
dition. 


AMSUVARMAN  (Thakuri  Dynasty),  flor.  640-50  a.d. 


A.S.B. 


M 


M 


163-3 
-95 


138-7 
•95 


M 


187 
-96 


Winged  lion  standing  1., 
with  off  fore-leg  raised ; 
legend  r.,  Sryamiuvarma 
(note  the  sandhi). 

As  No.  1  :  much  worn. 


Winged  lion,  as  on  No. 
1 ;  legend  above,  Sryansoh, 
'  of  Sri  Aihsu,'  imperfect. 


Lion  standing  1.,  off  fore- 
leg raised  ;  no  legend  ; 
circle  of  large  dots ;  cres- 
cent over  lion  (C.  A.  I.,  PL 
XIII,  6). 

Cow  standing  1. ;  above, 
Kdmadehi,  'incarnation  of 
Kama,'  apparently  a  syno- 
nym for  Kdmadhenu,  'the 
cow  that  yields  every  wish' 
(C.^./.,  PI.  XIII,  4). 

Sun  in  centre  ;  surround- 
ed by  legend  in  bold  cha- 
racters, mahdrdjddhirdja- 
sya,  '  of  the  sovereign ' 
(C.  A.  I.,  PI.  XIII,  5).i 


^  The  A.  S.  B.  specimens  of  Mananka  and  Amsuvarma,  part  of  a  find  of  forty  coins, 
were  presented  in  1887  by  the  author,  to  whom  they  had  been  given  by  Dr.  Gimlette, 
Residency  Surgeon  at  Kathmandu.  No.  3  of  Arhsuvarman  was  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in 
the  lot.  Three  specimens  of  Mananka  and  five  of  Amsuvarman,  which  were  then  retained 
by  the  author,  are  now  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  Paris. 


284 


NEPAL   AND   CHAMPARAN 


Sorial 

No. 


Museum 


Mital, 

Si/c. 


Obverse 


Reverse 


PASUPATI,   PROBABLY   EIGHTH    CENTURY 


l.M. 


^ 

64-9 

•  8 

M 

101.2 

•  87 

Large  rayed  sun  in 
centre ;  above  Pa ;  to  r. 
Su;  below  j?a ;  to  I.  ti ; 
all  in  circle  of  dots. 

Similar;  worn. 


Cow  standing  r. ;  cres- 
cent above  (PI.  XXVIII, 
1;  C.A.I.,  PI.  XIII,  10). 

Similar ;  worn.  (The 
name  Paiupati  probably 
is  that  of  a  deity,  not  of 
a  king.) 


II. 


THE  MALLA  RAJAS  OF  BHATGAON,  KATH- 
MANDU,  AND  PATAN 

Silver 
A.— RAJAS  of  BHATGAON  (W.,  chap,  v,  list,  p.  314) 

No.  18.     BHUPATiNDRA  MALLA,  1687-1721  a.  d. 

Trident  in  central  circle; 
sword  above ;  numerous 
ornaments  ;  no  legend  (PI. 
XXVIII,  2). 


1 

l.M. 

2 

>> 

3 

5> 

Al 


in 


83-3  I  Three-line  legend 
1-09  ^  scolloped  square,  (1)  Sri 
in  jaya  (2)  Bhupatindra 
(3)  malla  deva  ;  date  below 
816  (N.  S.  =  1696  A.  D.); 
marginal  ornaments. 
Similar;  same  date. 


86 
1-02 
83-1 
1-08 


Ditto;  ditto. 


Similar. 
Ditto. 


No.  19.    RANAJITA  MALLA,  1721-54  a.d.  or  later 


l.M. 


M 


JR 


87-5 
M 


64-5 
M 


As  coins  of  Bhupatindra, 
with  substitution  of  name 
Ranajita  and  date  842 
(N.  S.  =  1722  A.D.). 

Similar. 


As  coins  of  Bhupatindra. 


Similar;    in  poor   con- 
dition. 


SABHAJIT  MALLA  (not  in  Wright's  lists) 


l.M. 


M 


81.7 
Ml 


Similar ;      with      name 
Sabhajita,  and  date  842. 


Similar. 


B.— RA.IAS   OF   KATHMANDU   (Kantipur, 
W.,  chap,  vi,  hst,  p.  315) 

No.  16.    LAKSHMlNARA  SIMHA,  1595-1639  a.d. 


l.M. 


Ai 


83-5 
1-09 


Three-line  legend  in 
small  central  square,  (1) 
Sri  Lakshmi  (2)  7iara  si 
(3)  n  ;  with  shell.  Drum 
above,  and  sundry  marginal 
ornaments ;  no  date. 


Trident  in  central  circle  ; 
^ri  above  :  marginal  orna- 
ments. 


PASUPATI  —  (JAYA)   CIIAKRAVARTENDRA 


285 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  17.    PRATAPA  MALLA,  1639-89  a.  d. 


I.M. 


M 


M 


83 
1-08 


84-9 
1-0 


Three-line  legend  in  cen- 
tral square,  ( 1 )  Sri  Praia 
(2)  pa  malla  (3)  861  (N.  S. 
=  1G41A.D.);  drum  above; 
marginal  ornaments. 

Type  imitating  coin  of 
Jahangir,  with  his  name 
in  Arabic ;  also  Pratdpa 
malla  in  Nagarl  letters  in 
field;  date  776  below 
(N.  S.=  165G  A.  D.). 


As  coin  of  Lakshml  nara 
simha. 


Corrupt  Arabic  legend, 
probably  intended  for  lid  hi ; 
in  field  Nagari  legend,  Sri 
irl  Kavindra  jay  a, '  victory 
to  Kavindra,'  or  '  the  lord 
of  poets '1  (PI.  XXVm,  3). 


NRIPENDRA,  son  of  Pratapa,  Raja  for  a  year  in  his  father's 
LIFETIME,  796  N.  S.  =  1676-7  A.  d.  (W.,  p.  219) 


2 
3 


I.M. 


M 


83-5 
l-Ol 


M 


M> 


1 


01 
84 
1-01 


Similar  to  No.  2  of  Pra- 
tapa malla,  with  imperfect 
imitation  of  Arabic  legend; 
rayed  sun  above ;  trident 
in  centre ;  floral  ornaments 
in  field ;  Nagari  legend 
scattered  over  field,  ^rl  irl 
jaya  Nripendra. 

Similar ;  same  date. 

Ditto;  ditto. 


Sword  in  centre ;  crescent 
at  top ;  imitation  Arabic 
legend ;  Nagari  legend, 
malla  deva,  796  (N.  S.= 
1676  A.D.). 


Similar. 


Ditto. 


(JAYA)  CHAKRAVARTENDRA,  son  of  Pratapa,  Raja  for  one 
DAY,  789  N.  S.  =  1669-70  a.d.  (W.,  pp.  219,  220) 


In  central  circle,  shell, 
lotus,  sun,  and  moon ;  on 
margin  to  r.  a  bow,  to  1. 
five  arrows,  and  floral  or- 
naments. Legend  above, 
^rl  jaya,  below,  Chakra 
va. 


I.M.      JR      84-5        In  central  circle,  shell.       In   centre   a   triangular 
1-01    lotus,  sun,  and  moon;  on   hdndstra,  or   conventional 

bow  and  arrow  pattern ; 
and  around  it  a  noose 
{pdia);  elephant-goad  (an- 
kus),  long-stalked  lotus, 
and  yak-tail  fly- whisk, 
more  or  less  distinct.  Date 
below  789  (N.  S.  =  17G9 
a.  d.     pi.  XXVIII,  4).2 

^  The  honorific  prefix  Sri  is  not  translated.  *  Pratapa  malla  inonde  de  sa  prose  et  de 
ses  vers  I'^tendue  de  ses  domaines'  (Levi,  vol.  i,  p.  216\     See  also  W.,  p.  215. 

^  For  the  story  see  W.,  pp.  219,  220.  'The  inscription  on  Chakravartendra's  coin, 
devised  by  the  Svami,  consists  of  a  triangular  Bandsira  (bow  and  arrow),  Pas  (a  noose), 
Ankus  (the  iron  hook  for  driving  an  elephant),  Kumal  (a  lotus),  Chamar  (a  yak's  tail), 
and  Sambat  789.  This  device  caused  his  death.  Note. — A  bow  and  arrow  are  ominous  of 
death,  but,  nevertheless,  the  water  in  which  such  a  coin  is  dipped  possesses  the  quality 
of  causing  a  speedy  delivery  in  child-bed.  These  coins,  which  are  very  rare,  are  still  used 
for  this  purpose.' 


280 


NEPAL   AND   CHAMPAKAN 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Motal, 

Weiglit, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  19.     (JAY A)  BHASKARA  MALLA,  about  1695-1710  a.  d. 


IJI. 


Ai     85-3 
M 


In  central  circle,  trident 
and  legend  Bri  Jaya  Bhds- 
kara;  floral  and  other  or- 
naments in  margin. 


In  central  circle,  sword, 
legend  malla  deva,  date 
821  (N.  S.  1701  A.  D). 
Marginal  legend,  each 
character  in  a  trefoil  orna- 
ment, Nepdleivara  girin- 
dra,  'king  of  Nepal,  lord 
of  the  mountains.' 


(JAYA)  ViRA  MAHENDRA,  flor.  1709  a.d. 


I.M. 


M, 


83 
1-0 


In  central  circle,  sword, 
^rl  Sri,  and  date  829 
(N.  S.=  1709  A.D.).  Mar- 
ginal legend  in  sinuous 
border,  Jaya  Vira  Mahendra 
malla. 


In  circle,  sword,  wreath, 
sun  and  moon.  Marginal 
legend  in  ornamental  bor- 
der, Sri  Lokandtha  nama, 
'  worship  of  Lokanatha,'  a 
Nepalese  deity  (PI.  XXVIII, 
5). 


No.  20.  JAGAJJAYA  MALLA,  alias  Mahipatindra  Malla  or  Jaya 
Mahindra  Simha,  of  Kathmandu  and  Patan,  822-52  N.  S. 
=  1702-32  A.D. 


I.M. 


M 


M 


M 


A\ 


83-4 
1-08 


83-9 
M 


82-8 
1-09 


79-8 
1-02 


In  central  circle,  trident, 
and  Sri  Jaya  Jagajjaya ; 
ornaments  on  margin. 


In  central  circle,  trident, 
and  Sri  Jagajjaya  malla ; 
in  margin  ornaments  only. 


In  central  circle,  trident, 
and  Sri  Sri  Jaya  Mahin- 
dra ;  in  margin  ornaments 

only. 


In  square  with  curved 
sides,  trident,  and  pellets ; 
in  marginal  lozenges,  and 
in  field,  Sr't  2  Jaya  Mahlpa. 


In  central  circle,  malla 
deva,  date  851  (N.  S.= 
1731);  sword  and  wreath 
between  the  words ;  mar- 
gin, NepdleSvara  rdjendra, 
'  king  of  Neprd,  lord  of  the 
kingdom.' 

In  octagon,  ^rl  2  Mahi- 
patindra  malla,  and  date 
838  (N.  S.=  1718  A.  D.); 
sword  and  wreath  in  cen- 
tre. On  margin,  Nepdle- 
ivara  rdjendra. 

In  central  circle,  sword 
and  wreath;  legend,  s?/HAa 
deva,  and  date  836  (N.  S. 
=  1716  A.  D.).  Marginal 
legend,  Nepdlesimra  girin- 
dra,  '  king  of  Nepal,  lord 
of  the  mountains.' 

Sword  and  wreath.  Le- 
gend, tendra  malla  deva ; 
pellets,  &c. ;  no  date. 


(JAVA)  BHASKARA  MALLA  — (JAYA)  NIVASA  MALLA    287 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


(JAYA)  INDRA  MALLA  (not  IxN  W.) 


I.M. 


M. 


83 
1-03 


M 


85 
l-Ol 


In  central  square,  sword 
with    wreath,   and   legend 

ft 

Sri  Sri  Lokandtha;  sun  and 
moon  above  with  Sri  Sri ; 
outside  square,  Jay  a  Indra 
malla  deva. 

Duplicate  of  No.  1. 


In  scolloped  frame,  tri- 
dent with  wreath,  and  le- 
gend Sri  Bhagavatl  devl ; 
date   below   826  (N.  S.= 

1706  A.D.)  (PI.  xxvm, 

6). 

As  No.  1. 


(JAYA)  PRAKASA  MALLA,  of  Kathmandu  and  Patan,  1732-71  a.  d. 

I.M.      iR         83        Whole    surface    covered      In  central  scolloped  frame, 
1-13    with    elaborate     patterns;    an  equilateral  triangle  with 

pellet  in  centre,  and  legend 
Sri  3  Talatrimdtri ;  on  in- 
ner  margin,  Sri  Sri  Sri  Ku- 
mdrl  mdtri  ;  on  outer  mar- 
gin, Sri  mallyatedaga.  (?) 
(PI.  XXVIII,  7).^ 


I.M. 


M. 


2-5  I 
•46 


Whole  surface  covered 
with  elaborate  patterns ; 
in  central  rectangle,  le- 
gend, Jaya  PrakdSa  malla ; 
above  Nepdleivara,  '  king 
of  Nepal';  to  1.  date,  873 
(N.  S.=  1753  A.D.). 

UNCERTAIN 

Legend    not     read,     in 


rayed  border. 


Sword  in  centre ;  sun 
and  crescent  moon  above. 
Legend,  ^rl  Bha  .  .  (A 
minute,  thin  piece,  probably 
struck  as  largess  money,  or 
nisdr.) 


C— RAJAS  OF  PATAN  (Lalitapur,  W.,  chap,  vii, 

list,  p.  315) 

No.  2.     SIDDHI  NARA  SIMHA,  about  1618-57  a.d. 


I.M. 


M 


87-5 
1-12 


In  central  circle,  sword 
and  star.  Legend,  iSrZ  Sri 
Siddhi ;  marginal  orna- 
ments. 


In  central  circle,  winged 
lion  standing  1. ;  in  inner 
margin  among  ornaments, 
above  nara,  below  singd. 


No.  3.     (JAYA)  NIVASA  MALLA,  1657— about  1700  a.d. 


I.M. 


M 


84 
1-0 


Field  occupied  by  two 
intersecting  triangles  with 
various  ornaments ;  in 
central  compartment,  sword 
with  wreath,  sun,  moon, 
stars,  and  legend,  Sri  Sri 
Jaya ;  in  other  compart-  Nepal.' 
ments,  Sri  Nivdsa  malla. 


In  central  circle,  eleva- 
tion of  a  Nepalese  temple, 
and  other  indistinct  sym- 
bols;  date,  786  (N.  S.= 
1666  A.D.) ;  on  inner  mar- 
gin NepdleSvara,  '  king  of 


1  '  He  built  a  house  in  Kantipur  for  the  Kumans  to  live  in,  which  was  constructed 
according  to  Mstu-chakra,  and  instituted  their  rath-jatrd '  [procession]  (W.,  p.  227). 


288 


NEPAL   AND   CIIAMPARAN 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  4. 


l.M. 


(JAYA  OR  ViRA)  YOGA  NARENDRA  MALLA,  about 


M 


83-9 
1-01 


M 


M 


M 


84-2 
1-05 
83-7 
1-05 
75-5 
1-0 


1700-5  A.D. 

Field  covered  by  two 
svastikas  interlaced,  with 
legend  and  floral  orna- 
ments dispersed  in  com- 
partments. Central  legend, 
&rt  3  [i.e.  'thrice']  Loka- 
ndtha ;  intermediate  le- 
gend, Srt  ^rl  Yoga  narendra 
malla  deva  ;  outer  legend, 
Sangi  tdndava  pdraga, 
'  Sangl  [?  meaning]  skilled 
in  the  tdndava '  (dance  or 
mantra). 

Similar. 

Ditto. 


Sword  with  wreath  in 
centre ;  sun,  moon,  and 
stars  above;  inner  legend, 
^rl  Sri  Jaya  Yoga  narendra 
malla ;  outer  legend,  Sangl 
tdndava  pdraga. 


Field  covered  by  a  rhom- 
boid and  two  equilateral 
triangles  interlaced,  with 
temple  in  centre,  and  le- 
gend dispersed  in  compart- 
ments; date  below  806 
(N.  S.=  1686  A.D.).  Cen- 
tral legend,  ^rl  Narendra 
Lakshml  devl ;  outer  le- 
gend, Sri  Pratdpa  Lakshml 
devl  (PI.  XXVIII,  8). 


Similar ;  same  date. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 


Trident  with  wreath  in 
centre ;  orl  Sri  Vlra  Yoga 
narendra  malla ;  outer  le- 
gend, Nepdla  churdmani, 
'  crest-jewel  of  Nepal ' ; 
date  below  820  (N.  S.= 
1700  A.B.y 

YOGAMATI,  C?)  WIDOW  of  Yoqanarendra,  with  her  son  Loka 
Praka1\,  827  N.  S.  =  170/  a.  d.^ 

/..!/.  M  82-5  Square  with  smaller  Two 
1-02  square  inscribed  diagon- 
ally, and  in  centre  a  third 
square  containing  sword 
with  wreath.  Outer  le- 
gend, Sri  2  Jaya  Lokapra- 
kdia  malla  deva ;  inner 
legend,  Sri  Sri  Kalund- 
maya. 

YOGAMATI,  (■?)  WIDOW  of  Yoqanarendra,  with  (?)her  son 
ViRA  Nara  Si[m]ha  Malla,  82  (?)  N.  S.  =  170  (?)  a.d. 


interlaced  equi- 
lateral triangles,  with  cen- 
tral scolloped  compartment 
containing  trident.  Legend, 
Sri  Srt  Yogamatl  devl;  date 
below  827  (N.  S.  =  1707 
a.  d,). 


M      loop 

attached 

1-0 


Square  with  prominen- 
ces ;  outer  legend,  Sri  Vlj-a 
nara  siha  malla  deva;  inner 
legend,  Sri  2  Lokandtha. 


I.M.      M      loop       Square  with  prominen-       Equilateral  triangle,  with 

smaller  one  inscribed  ;  tri- 
dent in  centre.  Legend, 
Sri  Sri  Yogamatl  devl ;  date 
below  82  (?)  (N.S.=  170  (?) 
a.  d.)  ;  much  worn. 

'  No.  4  apparently  was  struck  after  Yoga  narendra's  accession  ;  Nos.  1-3  must  liave 
been  struck  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father  Nivasa.  'a.d.  1703,  at  an  auspicious 
moment,  the  Raja  placed  a  Chudamani  in  the  temple'  (W.,  p.  195).  For  dances  see 
AV.,  pi>.  120),  205. 

^  Inscr.  No.  22  (Tnd.  Ant.,  ix.  102)  records  dedication  of  a  temple  in  845  by  Yogamatl 
in  memory  of  lier  deceased  son  Lokaprakasa. 


YOGA   NARENDRA   MALLA  —  PRITHVI   NARAYANA    289 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


No.  6.1     (JAY A)  YOGA  PRAKASA  MALLA,  about  1722-30  a.  d. 


2 
3 

4 


IJI. 


No. 
IJI. 


M 


83-5 
1-09 


M 
M 
M 


85-6 
l-OG 
85 
M 
82-4 
1-07 


In  central  circle,  trident 
with  pellets,  and  legend 
Sri  irl  Jaya  Yo,  with  date 
852,  On  margin,  each 
character  in  a  compart- 
ment, ga  prakdia  malla 
deva. 

Similar ;  same  date. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  date  illegible. 


In  central  octagon  sword 
with  wreath.  Marginal 
legend,  each  character  in 
a  compartment,  ^ri  hi  hi 
Kalundmaya. 


Similar ;  Karundmaya. 
Ditto;  ditto. 
Ditto;  ditto. 


7.     (JAYA)  VISHNU  MALLA,  about  1730-41  a.d. 


JR 


82-6 
1-02 


M 


M 


M 


84-6 

Ml 

81 

M 


80-7 
M2 


Network  of  raised  lines 
over  surface ;  imitations 
of  Arabic  characters,  and 
legend  Sri  hi  Jaya  Vishnu 
malla  deva,  with  trident  in 
centre,  and  date  below  861 
(N.  S.=  1741  a.  D.). 

Similar;  same  date. 

In  central  circle,  trident, 
^rl  hi,  and  date  859  (N.  S. 
=  1739  A.D,).  Marginal 
legend  in  ornaments,  Jaya 
Vishnu  malla  deva. 

Similar  to  No.  1 ;  date 
861  (N.  S.=  1741  A.D.). 


Outer  legend,  Sri  Jaya 
vira  Yoganarendra  malla 
deva  ;  in  scolloped  central 
circle,  dagger  with  wreath, 
and  Sri  hi  hi  Lokandtha. 


Similar. 

Reticulated  surface;  imi- 
tations of  Ai'abic  charac- 
ters ;  legend  Sri  hi  Karu- 
ndmaya; sword  with  wreath 
in  centre. 

Similar  to  No.  1 ;  poor. 


III.     THE    GORKHALI   DYNASTY 

(W.,  chaps,  ix,  x,  xii,  list,  p.  315) 

No.  1.    PRITHVI  NARAYANA.  1768-74  a.d. 


Silver 

I.M.  M  83-7  Square,  with  sun,  moon, 
1-29  and  stars  above,  orna- 
ments at  sides ;  in  centre, 
small  circle  containing  tri- 
dent. Legend  in  square, 
Sri  hi  Prithvl  ndrdyana 
sdha  deva.  Date  below 
1691  (^aka  =  1769  a.d,),' 

^  No,  5  of  W.  is  Jagajjaya  or  Mahipatindra  of  Kathmandu.    The  dates  do  not  always 
a^ree. 


Central  circle  enclosing 
legend,  Sri  hi  Bhavdnl; 
marginal  legend,  each  cha- 
racter in  an  ornament,  ^rl 
hi  hi  Gorakhandtha. 


SMITH 


U 


290 


NEPAL   AND   CHAMPARAN 


Serial 
No. 


2 
3 

4 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


I.M. 


/U      84-3 
1.15 


As  No.  1;  datelG93S.= 
1771  A.D. 


AsNo.  1(P1.  XXVIII,9). 


No.  2.     PRATAPA  SIMHA,  1774-7  a.  d. 

Silver 


I.M. 


m. 


A\ 


83-4 

M2 

83-9 

112 

Device  as  on  coins  of 
Prithvl  Narayana.  Legend, 
&ri  srl  iri  Pratdpa  simha 
sdha  deva;  date  1697  (s. 
=  1775  A.D). 

Similar ;  same  date. 


Central  circle  enclosing 
legend,  (^rt  hi  Chiheivarl; 
marginal  legend,  Sri  iri  hi 
Gorakhandtha. 

Similar. 


No.  3.     RANA  BAHADUR,  1777-99  a.d. 

Silver 


I.M. 


B. 


M 


m. 


M. 


M, 


84 
M8 


83 

M9 

85-2 

1-02 

thick 

168-4 

1-02 

20-8 

•68 


Device  as  on  coins  of 
preceding  kings.  Legend, 
^rl  irl  iri  Rana  Bahadur 
sdha  deva;  date  1708  (S. 
=  1786  A.D.). 

Similar;  date  1709  = 
1787  A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1712  =  1790 

A.D. 

Ditto  ;  ditto. 


Trident;  SrlsrlBhavdnl; 
date  1712=1790  A.D. 


Central  circle,  enclosing 
dagger  -with  wreath  and 
legend  Srl  Bhavdnl ;  mar- 
ginal legend  in  ornaments, 
Srl  Srl  hi  Gorakhandtha. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Temple  with  wreath. 
Legend,  Srl  3  Rdja  Rdje- 
Svarl  devl  (name  of  a  god- 
dess). 


No.  4.     GiRVAN  YUDDHA  VIKRAMA,  1799-1816  a.d. 


IM. 


N 


84-2 
1-02 


Gold 

Square  with  openings  in 
r.  and  1.  sides;  ornaments 
outside,  and  Sri  sri  srl 
above;  date  1724  (^.  = 
1802  A.D.)  below;  inside 
square  Girvdn  yuddha  vi- 
krama  sdha  deva.  Small 
central  circle  containing 
trident. 

Silver 


I.M. 

M 

82 
1-09 

As  No.  1  ;  date  1730. 

Central  circle  enclosing 
sword  or  dagger  with 
wreath,  and  ^ri  3  Bhavdni. 
Marginal  legend  in  orna- 
ments, Sri  hi  Sri  Go- 
rakhandtha. Condition  fine 
(PI.  XXVIII,  10). 


As  No.  1. 


PRATAPA  SIMHA— SURENDRA  VIKRAMA 


291 


Serial 

Metal, 

No. 

Museum 

Weight, 
Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

3 

I.M. 

iR         85 
M 

Ditto;  date  1737. 

Ditto. 

4 

5> 

JR  square 

Svastika,    with    central 

Circle  enclosing  dagger 

34-4 

circle  enclosing  ti-ident.  Le- 

with  wreath,   and   legend 

•6 

gend,  Glrvdn   yuddha  vi- 
krama  sdha  deva.    No  date. 

Sri  Bhavdnl ;  outside  circle, 
Sri    in    each    corner   (PI. 
XXVIII,  11). 

No.  5.    RAJENDRA  VIKRAMA,  1816-47  a.d. 


2 

3 
4 
5 


I.M. 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


83 
1-06 


85-2 

M 
83-7 

M 
84-2 

M 
21-5 

•75 


Silver 

Square,  with  openings 
r.  and  1. ;  central  circle 
enclosing  trident ;  above 
square,  sun,  moon,  and  Sri; 
below  1738  (^aka  =  1816 
A.D.).  Legend  in  square, 
Srt  irl  Rdjendra  vikrama 
sdha  deva;  ornaments  on 
margin. 

Similar;  date  1742  = 
1820  A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1745=  1823 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1746  =  1824 

A.D. 

Temple  with  wreath  in 
centre.  Legend,  Sri  sdm- 
rdjya{so\exeignty)  Lakshml 
devt. 


Central  circle  enclosing 
dagger  with  wreath  and 
Sri  Bhavdnl.  Marginal  le- 
gend in  ornaments,  Sri  irl 
srl  Qorakhandtha. 


Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Humped  bull  r.  Legend, 
^rl  irl  Bhavdnl,  1749  (S.  = 
1827  A.D.;  PI.  XXVIII, 
12). 


No.  6.    SURENDRA  VIKRAMA,  1847  a.d. 


2 
3 


I.M. 


PJ 

190-2 

1-1 

M 

85-3 

1-04 

N 

42-4 

•81 

Gold 

Square,  without  open- 
ings; sun,  moon,  and  Sri 
above  ;  lotus  to  1. ;  symbol 
(?2/oni)  tor.;  1794  (  =  1872 
A.  D.)  below  ;  central  circle 
enclosing  trident.  Legend 
in  square,  Sri  irl  Surendra 
vikrama  sdha  deva. 

Similar ;  same  date. 

Central  circle  enclosing 
trident ;  in  field  legend, 
Sri  irl  irl  Surendra  vi,  sun, 
moon,  and  flowers. 


u  a 


Central  circle  containing 
legend  Sri  3  Bhavdnl ;  mar- 
ginal legend  in  ornaments, 
^rl  Gorakhandtha.  In  mint 
condition ;  the  weight  is 
above  the  normal. 


Similar;  in  mint  con- 
dition. 

Dagger  with  wreath  in 
centre  ;  in  field  pellets  and 
legend,  krama  sdha  deva ; 
date  1790  (=  1868  a.d.); 
in  mint  condition. 


292 


NEPAL  AND   CHAMPARAN 


Sorial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

4 

I.M. 

N 

21-2 

Temple  between  flowers 

Central  circle  enclosing 

•74 

in  centre ;   in  field  legend, 
&rl  Sura  raja  Lakshml  devi. 

trident.  Legend  in  field, 
^r~i  irl  Bhavdni,  1790.  In 
mint  condition  (PL  XXVIII, 
13). 

5 

5> 

N 

10-8 

Dagger  in  centre ;    sun 

Dagger  in  centre.     Le- 

•6 

and  moon  above.     Legend 
in  field,  &rl  Surendra  vi. 

gend  in  field,  krama  sdha 
deva  ;  in  fine  condition  (PI. 
XXVIII,  14). 

6 

>5 

N 

10-3 
•56 

Similar. 

Similar;  in  good  con- 
dition. 

7 

)> 

N 

5-3 
•5 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  in  mint  condition 
(PI.  XXVIII,  15). 

8 


9 
10 
11 
12 
13 


14 
15 

16 


UI. 


M 

83-5 

M 

M 

78.1 

M4 

M 

83-8 

M 

M 

85-2 

1-07 

JB. 

84 

M 

M 

41.8 

.8 

M 

84-8 

M 

M 

84-1 

M 

17 


I.M. 


JE 


83-2 
•97 


JE 


86-2 
•92 


Silver 

Square  with  openings  in 
r.  and  1.  sides ;  sun,  moon, 
and  ^rl  above;  date  1771 
(S.  =  1849  A.D.)  below; 
ornaments  at  sides ;  central 
circle  enclosing  trident.  Le- 
gend in  square,  ^ri  Sri  Su- 
rendra vikrama  sdha  deva. 

Similar;  date  1773  (^. 
=  1851  A.D.). 

Ditto;  date  1775  (^.  = 
1853  A.D.). 

Ditto;  date  1780  {k  = 
1858  A.D.). 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Thunderbolt  (vajra),  or 
it  may  be  called  a  form  of 
trident,  in  centre  between 
two  horizontal  lines;  pel- 
lets. Legend,  ^rl  srl  irl 
Surendra  vi. 

As  No.  8;  date  1793  {k 
=  1871  A.D.). 

Ditto;  date  1794  {k  = 
1872  A.D.). 

Copper  {bronze) 

Square  with  out  openings ; 
ornaments  on  margin;  date 
below  1 787  (6.=  1 865  A.D.). 
Legend  in  square,  Sri  irl 
irl  Surendra  vikravia  sdha 
deva. 

Similar;  date  1790  = 
1868  A.  p. 


Central  circle  enclosing 
dagger  with  wreath,  and 
Srl  3  Bhavdni.  Marginal 
legend,  Srl  Srl  Srl  Go- 
rakhandtha  in  ornaments. 


Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Two  horizontal  lines ; 
pellets.  Legend,  krama 
sdha  deva;  date  1787  (^. 
=  1865  A.  D.). 

As  No.  8. 
Ditto. 


Square  without  open- 
ings; ornaments  on  margin. 
Legend  in  square,  ^rl  Srl 
Srl  Nepal  sarkdr,  'govern- 
ment of  Nepal ' ;  good. 

Similar;  good. 


PLATE    XXVIII 


NEPAL    AND   CHAMPARAN 


PRITHVi   ViRA  VIKRAMA  — MADANA   SIMHA  DEVA    293 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

S 

ize 

18 

I.M. 

M 

82-7 
•  92 

Ditto;  date  1791  =  1869 

A.  D. 

Ditto ;  fair. 

19 

M 

84 
•92 

Ditto;  date  1792  =  1870 

A.  D. 

Ditto ;  poor. 

20 

JE 

86-5 
•9 

Ditto;  date  1793  =  1871 

A.  D. 

Ditto ;  fair. 

21 

JE 

74-7 
•9 

Ditto;  date  1798  =  1876 

A.  D. 

Ditto;  poor. 

22 

M 

85-1 
•95 

Ditto;  date  1799  =  1877 

A.  D. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

23 

M 

20 
•52 

«^n  Nepal. 

Sarkdr  93. 

24 

M 

21 
•52 

Ditto. 

Ditto.    (These  are  called 
phokaddms;  Rodgers.  They 
seem  to  belong  to  reign  of 
Surendra  vikrama.) 

PRITHVi  VIRA  VIKRAMA,  successor  of  Surendea  vikrama. 
[I  have  failed  to  obtain  the  dates.] 

Silver 


Central  circle  enclosing 
dagger  with  wreath  and 
legend,  Sri  Bhavdni.  Mar- 
ginal legend  in  ornaments, 
^ri  iri  Sri  Gorakhandtha. 


I.M.  M  81^1  Square  with  openings  on 
1^02  r.  and  1.  sides;  sun,  moon, 
and  Sri  in  above ;  orna- 
ments at  sides  ;  date  below 
1806  (^.=  1884  A.D.).  Le- 
gend in  square,  Sri  iri 
Prithvi  mra  vikrama  sdha 
deva. 

CHAMPARAN 


MADANA  SIMHA  DEVA,  flor.  1450-60  a.  d. 


1 

I.M. 

2 

>> 

3 

j> 

M 


68 
•65 


M 


M 


68-2 

•65 

70 

•68 


Copper  {bronze) 

Three-line  legend  cover- 
ing surface,  (1)  Govinda- 
[cha)  (2)  rana  prana  (3)  va 
(or  -ya)  Madana. 


Similar. 
Ditto. 


Two-line  legend  covering 
surface,  (1)  Sri  Champa  (2) 
kdranye  (PI.  XXVIII,  16). 
The  legend  means,  '  In 
Champaran,  Madana,  de- 
voted to  the  feet  of  Govinda 
(Krishna).' 

Similar;  fair. 

Ditto ;  poor. 


Section   XX 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FRONTIER 
KINGDOMS;    ASSAM   AND   MINOR  STATES 

INTRODUCTION 

It  is  unnecessary  to  discuss  in  this  place  the  meagre  data  available 
for  the  reconstruction  of  the  ancient  history  of  the  kingdom  of  Kamarupa, 
which  corresponded  roughly  with  the  modern  province  of  Assam  (Asam). 
The  early  rulers  of  the  country  have  not  left  any  numismatic  memorials. 
The  modern  history  of  Assam  begins  with  the  invasion  of  the  Ahoms, 
who  are  '  the  descendants  of  those  Shans  who,  under  the  leadership  of 
Chukapha,  crossed  the  Patkoi  [mountains]  about  1228  A.  D.  (or  just 
about  the  time  when  Kublai  Khan  was  establishing  his  power  in  China) 
and  entered  the  upper  portion  of  the  province,  to  which  they  have  given 
their  name.  The  Ahoms  were  not  apparently  a  very  large  tribe,  and 
they  consequently  took  some  time  to  consolidate  their  power  in  Upper 
Assam.  They  were  engaged  for  several  hundred  years  in  conflict  with 
the  Chutiyas  and  Kacharis,  and  it  was  not  till  1540  a.  d.  that  they  finally 
overthrew  the  latter,  and  established  their  rule  as  far  as  the  Kallang 
[river  near  Gauhati].  .  .  .  Subsequently  the  Koch  kingdom  [further 
west]  was  divided  into  two  parts,  and  as  its  power  declined  that  of  the 
Ahoms  increased,  and  the  Rajas  of  Jaintia,  Dimarua,  and  others,  who 
had  formerly  been  feudatories  of  Biswa  Singh,  acknowledged  the 
suzerainty  of  the  Ah5ms.  The  Musalmans  on  several  occasions  invaded 
their  country,  but  never  succeeded  in  permanently  annexing  it.  .  .  .  In 
1663  A.D.  Mir  Jumla  invaded  the  country  with  a  large  army,  and  after 
some  fighting  took  the  capital.  [But  difficulties  ensued,  which  made] 
him  '  glad  to  patch  up  a  peace.  .  .  .  The  Ah5ms  then  took  Gauhati  and 
.  .  .  defeated  another  Musalman  army.  The  Ah5ms  were  then  [about 
1670  A.D.]  at  the  height  of  their  power;  all  the  minor  rulers  of  the 
country  acknowledged  their  supremacy.  .  .  .  But  even  then  the  decline 
was  at  hand.  They  had  for  some  time  hankered  after  Hinduism,  and 
the  Rajas  had  for  years  been  in  the  habit  of  taking  a  Hindu  as  well 
as  a  Shan  name.  Eventually  Rudra  Singh,  alias  Chukrungpha,  who 
became  king  in  1695,  [and  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  greatest  of  all  the 


INTRODUCTION  295 

Ah5m  kings]  resolved  to  make  a  pu-blic  profession  of  Hinduism,  .  .  .  but 
died  in  1714  while  still  unconverted.  His  son,  Sib  Singh  [Siva  simha], 
succeeded  him,  and  became  a  disciple  of  Krishna-ram  [the  Sakta  Gosain 
of  Nadia],  In  his  reign  the  seeds  of  future  dissensions  were  sown  by  the 
persecution  of  the  Moamarias,  while  the  pride  of  race,  which  had  hitherto 
sustained  the  Ahoms,  began  to  disappear.  .  .  .  Patriotic  feeling  soon 
disappeared,  and  the  country  was  filled  with  dissensions.  .  .  .  Captain 
Welsh  was  deputed  by  Lord  Cornwallis  to  help  the  King  Gauri-nath 
Singh,  who  was  then  being  besieged  at  Gauhati,  and  with  his  aid  he  was 
once  more  freed  from  his  enemies.  At  this  juncture  Sir  John  Shore 
succeeded  to  the  Governor-Generalship,  and  one  of  his  first  acts  was  to 
recall  Welsh  (1794  a.d.),  after  whose  departure  the  country  was  given 
again  over  to  anarchy.  The  aid  of  the  Burmese  was  then  invoked 
(1816  A.  D.),  and  the  latter  remained  in  the  country  until  1824,  when 
they  were  driven  out  by  our  troops,  and  the  country  was  annexed ' 
[early  in  1825]. ^  An  Ahom  Raja  however  continued  to  exist  for  some 
time  longer,  and  in  1844  the  last  of  the  royal  line  did  good  service  by 
arranging  for  the  publication  of  a  history  of  his  country,  which  had 
always  been  careful  to  preserve  its  annals. 

The  foregoing  summary  of  the  history  will  serve,  with  little  additional 
explanation,  to  render  intelligible  the  fine  series  of  coins  now  catalogued. 
A  list  of  the  Rajas  will  be  found  in  Prinsep's  Useful  Tables,  copied  into 
Dufl["8  Chronology  of  India,  and  corrected  by  Gait  {Report  on  the 
Progress  of  Historical  Research  in  Assam,  Shillong,  Secretariat  Printing 
Ofiice,  1897).  The  blue-book  last  named  gives  complete  references  to 
all  publications  on  the  subject  of  Assamese  history,  which  has  recently 
been  treated  in  detail  by  Mr.  Gait  in  his  work  entitled  A  History  of 
Assam  (Calcutta,  Thacker  Spink,  1905),  which  also  deals  with  the 
neighbouring  minor  states. 

The  initial  syllable  of  the  Shan  names  of  the  kings  is  generally  given 
as  Ghu,  but  Babu  Golap  Chandra  Barua,  the  Ahom  translator,  translite- 
rates it  as  Su  (^)  in  his  account  of  the  Ah5m  coins  (J.  A .  ;S'.  B.,  Part  I, 
1895,  p.  286,  PI.  XXVII).  The  six  coins  described  by  the  Babu  and 
Mr.  Gait  are  all  included  in  this  catalogue,  with  the  addition  of  two 
specimens  of  Supatpha  or  Gadadhar  simha  from  the  Indian  Museum 
cabinet.  The  earlier  Rajas  seem  to  have  issued  coins  inscribed  with 
legends  in  the  Ahom  language  and  character  only,  but  Raja  Pramatha 
simha,  alias  Sunenpha,  used  both  Ahom  and  Sanskrit.  The  catalogue 
includes  one  of  his  coins  with  Ahom  and  eight  with  Sanskrit  legends. 
The  Ahom  language,  which  is  now  almost  extinct,  is  a  member  of  the 
group  of  Northern  Shan  (Sham   or  Tai)  languages,  and  is  written  in 

1  Grierson  (quoting  Gait),  Linguistic  Survey  of  India,  vol.  ii,  p.  61,  with  additions  in 
brackets. 


296         THE  NORTH-EASTERN   FRONTIER  KINGDOMS 

a  peculiar  character,  ultimately  derived  from  the  Pali.  In  the  work 
above  cited  Dr.  Grierson  has  supplied  ample  materials  for  the  study  of  the 
Ahom  language  and  alphabet,  but  his  vocabulary  fails  to  include  the 
words  in  the  coin  legends.  The  readings  of  those  legends  in  the  catalogue 
are  given  on  the  authority  of  Babii  Golap  Chandra  Barua. 

The  coins  of  the  dynasty  are  all  octagonal,  except  a  few  of  the 
.smallest,  which  are  circular  or  oval,'  and  certain  square  pieces  struck  by 
Queen  Pramathesvari  and  Rajesvara  simha,  which  bear  Persian  legends. 
Raj es vara  sirhha  also  struck  coins  of  the  usual  octagonal  shape  with 
Persian  legends.  These  Assamese  coins  with  Persian  legends,  although 
struck  in  considerable  numbers,  have  become  known  only  recently.^ 
The  larger  pieces  are  of  thick,  solid  fabric,  and  are  said  to  be  of  good 
metal.  Most  of  them  are  in  silver,  but  some  are  gold.  The  legends  are 
well  executed,  and  those  in  the  Sanskrit  language  usually  are  inscribed 
in  the  Bengali  script.  They  are  intensely  devotional  in  expression,  the 
commonest  formula  describing  the  Raja  as  a  bee  feeding  on  the  nectar 
from  the  feet  of  Siva  or  some  other  deity  of  the  Hindu  pantheon. 
Poetical  words,  such  as  aravinda  for '  lotus '  and  makaranda  for '  nectar ', 
are  sometimes  substituted  for  the  more  common  equivalents  kamala  and 
amrita.  The  Ahom  legends  of  Supatpha  or  Gadadhar  simha  express 
devotion  to  the  tribal  god  Lendan,  who  was  identified  with  the  Hindu 
Indra  or  Purandara.  The  legend  on  the  coin  of  Suklenmuu  represents 
the  Raja  as  praying  to  the  Almighty  (tdrd). 

The  coins,  the  heaviest  of  which  weighs  176-7  grains,  appear  to  be 
intended  for  rupees  of  about  175  grains  each,  or  for  fractions  of  a  rupee. 
The  smallest  is  a  tiny  silver  piece  of  Gaurinatha,  '22  inch  in  diameter, 
and  weighing  only  4-2  grains ;  but  small  as  it  is,  the  Raja's  name  is 
distinctly  legible  (PI.  XXIX,  8).  The  gold  coins  are  struck  to  the  same 
weight  standard  as  those  in  silver.  Most  of  the  coins  are  dated  in  the 
Saka  era,  and  some  show  the  regnal  year  in  addition. 

The  coinage  of  the  minor  states  may  be  dismissed  briefly.  The  small 
principality  of  Jayantapura,  now  known  as  the  Jaintia  Parganas  to  the 
north-east  of  the  Sylhet  District,  was  annexed  in  1835  owing  to  the  abduc- 
tion of  four  British  subjects  for  use  as  human  sacrifices  to  Kali.  Its  rare 
coinage  is  represented  by  four  specimens  in  the  Indian  Museum  (PI.  XXIX, 
13, 14),  one  of  which  is  dated  in  1630  Saka  =  1708  A.  d,,  and  the  three  others 
are  dated  1653  6.  =  1731  a.  d.  One  duplicate  of  the  latter  date  has  not 
been  catalogued.  The  coins  are  exceptionally  broad,  and  bear  legends 
similar  to  those  of  the  Assamese  coinage.     Mr.  Gait  has  recorded  that 

*  The  prevailing  sliape  is  supposed  to  have  been  suggested  by  a  statement  in  the 
Jogini  Tantra  which  describes  the  Ahom  country  as  octagonal  (Gait,  History,  p.  97). 

"  Mr.  H.  N.  Wright  kindly  examined  the  coins  -with  Persian  legends,  which  were 
received  in  May,  1906. 


INTRODUCTION  297 

'  a  number  of  new  Jaintia  coins  were  brought  to  light  by  Babu  Giris 

Chandra  Das,  Assistant  Settlement  Officer  of  Jaintia,  and  a  collection 

was  made  which  has  been  presented  to  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 

I    The  collection  includes  whole  coins  of  Qaka   1591,  1592,   1630,  1653, 

1696,  1704,  1707,  and  1712  ;  and  quarter  coins  of  Qaka  1653  and  1712  : 

the  quarter  coins  alone  have  the  name  of  the  kings  who  minted  them, 

viz.  Bara  Gosain  and  Ram  sinha  respectively.     These  coins  have  been 

described  (with  a  plate)  in  the   /.  A.  S.  B.  for  1895,  Part  I,  p.  242 ' 

■ju     {Report,  p.  4).     The  paper  referred  to,  entitled  '  Some  Notes  on  Jaintia 

P   History',  and  chapter  XI  of  Mr.  Gait's  History  of  Assam,  give  all  the 

information  available  on  the  subject.     The  A.  S.  B.  collection  described  by 

Mr.  Gait  has  not  been  sent  to  me. 

The  Tipperah  country  (Tripura),  which  lies  to  the  south  of  Sylhet 
and  the  east  of  Dacca,  is  now  in  part  a  British  District,  and  in  part 
a  native  state,  known  as  Hill  Tipperah.  Mr.  Gait  {Report,  p.  4)  mentions 
two  coins  of  Tipperah,  one  of  Govinda  Manikya  deva,  dated  Saka  1602, 
the  other  of  Dharma  Manikya  deva,  dated  1636.  The  latter  was  presented 
to  the  A.  S.  B.  {Proc.  1895,  p.  86),  but  has  not  come  into  my  hands. 
The  specimen  now  catalogued,  struck  by  Ramasirhha  Manikya  deva  and 
his  consort  Tara,  is  new,  but  similar  to  the  coins  previously  known. 
The  reverse  device  is  a  grotesque  lion  with  a  trident  on  his  back,  and 
the  date  is  1728  ^.  =  1806  A.  D. 

The  Manipur  State,  lying  between  Cachar  and  the  Burmese  frontier, 
was  deprived  of  its  independence  in  1891  on  account  of  the  massacre  of 
Mr.  Quinton  and  his  companions  (Gait,  History,  p.  343).  Some  small 
copper  coins  with  ma  on  the  obverse,  and  the  reverse  blank,  are  ascribed 
to  this  State  by  Mr.  Rodgers. 

Chhota  Udaipur  is,  I  believe,  part  of  Tipperah.  The  utterly  barbarous 
copper  coins  assigned  to  it  by  Mr.  Rodgers  are  undecipherable  to  me.  The 
recent  copper  coins  of  the  Sikim  State  to  the  north  of  Darjeeling  are  not 
in  any  way  remarkable. 


CATALOGUE 

ASSAM    (ASAM) 


S.Tial 

No. 


Mu30um 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


A.     With  legends  in  Ahom  language  and  script;  silver,  octagonal 
SUKLENMUN,  1539-52  a.d. 


6 


A.S.D. 


M 


177-3 

•89 


Five-line  legend,  ( 1 )  Chad 
phd  (2)  ^uklen  mu  (3)  n  pin 
chad  (4)  Idkni  (5)  j)lekni ; 
meaning  'in  the  year  plekni 
(fifteenth  year  of  Jovian 
cycle  of  sixty  years),  in  the 
reign  {pinchdo)  of  the  great 
[chad)  king  {phd)  Suklen- 
mun'  =  1543   a.d.      Dog 


Four-line  legend,  (1)  Kdo 
(2)  baij  phd  (3)  tdrd  (4)  htu 
chu  ;  meaning,  *  I  (kdo)  the 
king  (phd)  offer  {heu  chu) 
prayer(6a?y)tothe  Almighty 
(tdrd)  {J.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I, 
1895,  PI.  XXVII,  1,  with 
rev.  printed  sideways). 


running  1.  below. 
^UPATPHA,  ALIAS  GADADHAR  SIMHA,  1681-95  a.d. 


A.s.n. 


I.M. 


M       16G 
•95 


JR 


M 


M 


Ai 


171-2 

•92 
176-2 
-89 
165-8 
-97 
174 
•  93 


M    175-7 
•95 


Four-line  legend,  (l)CAay 
^u  (2)  pdtphd  pi  (3)  n  khun 
Idk  (4)  ni  rdiidn  ;  *  in  the 
year  rdiidn  (thirty-third 
year  of  cycle  =  1681  a.d.), 
in  the  reign  (pinkhun)  of 
the  great  (chdo)  Supatpha.' 
Trace  of  winged  dragon 
below. 

Similar ;  winged  dragon 
r.  below. 

Ditto ;  no  dragon. 

Ditto ;  winged  dragon  r. 
below. 

Ditto  ;  no  dragon. 


Ditto : 
below. 


winged  dragon  r. 


Four-line  legend, (1)  fCdo 
hay  (2)  phd  len  (3)  dan  heu 
(4)  chu;  *I  the  king  offer 
prayer  to  Indra  (len  dan)  ' 


(/.  A. 
2-5). 


S.  B.,  ut  sup.,  Figs. 


Similar ;  bird  r.  above. 

Ditto;  winged  monster 
and  bird  to  r. 

Ditto;  bird  only  r.  be- 
low. 

Ditto ;  winged  monster 
r.  below,  and  (?)  crown 
with  four  points  to  1.  (PI. 
XXIX,  1). 

Ditto;  bird  r.  in  semi- 
circle above. 


SUNENPHA,  ALIAS  PRAMATHA  SIMHA,  1744-51  a.d. 


A.S.B. 


M 


176 
-92 


Four-line  legend,  ( 1 )  Chdo 
.4u  [2)  neii  phd  pin  [3)  khun 
Idkni  (4)  kdtked ;  '  in  the 
year  kdtktO  (thirty-sixth 
year  of  cycle  =  1744  A.D.), 
in  the  reign  of  the  great 
Siinenpha.'     No  animal. 


Three-line  legend,  (1) 
Kdo  bay  (2)  phd  len  da  (3) 
n  heu  chu;  '  I  the  king  offer 
prayer  to  Indra.*  Winged 
dragon  1.  below.  (For 
Sanskrit  coins  of  Pramatha 
siijiha  see  jiost,  p.  302.) 


SUKLENMUN  —  RUBRA   SIMHA 


299 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


B.     With  legends  in  Sanskrit  language  and  script ;  octagonal, 

excei^t  two  coins 

SURGA  (SVARGA)  NARAYANA,  alias  PRATAPA  SIMHA,  alias 
^USENPHA  OR  CHUCHENPHA,  1611-49  a.d.^ 


I.M. 


3 
4 
6 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


I.M. 


M 


175-2 

-82 


Silver 

Four-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 
hi  Su  (2)  rga  ndrdyana  (3) 
devasTja  &dke  (4)  1570; 
'  [coin  J  of  His  Majesty  (de«a) 
Surga  narayana,  1648  A.D.' 


Four-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 
irl  Ha  (2)  ri  Hara  chara 
(3)  na  pardya  (4)  nasya; 
'  intent  on  the  feet  of  Ilari 
and  Hara  (Vishnu  and 
^iva).'  (P1.XXIX,'2;N.B. 
the  words  charana  and  pa- 
rdyana  are  spelt  with  the 
dental  n.) 


M 

175 

.92 

M 

174-2 

-9 

M 

174 

•9 

M. 

172-5 

-95 

M 

174-1 

-91 

M 

176-7 

.9 

M 

175-5 

-9 

M 

176 

-91 

M 

175 

•93 

M 

174-8 

•93 

RUDRA  SIMHA,  1696-1714  a.  d. 

Silver 

Four-line  legend,  {})  &ri 
irlmat  (2)  svarga  deva  Ru- 
dra  (3)  Simhasya  ^d  (4) 
ke  1618;  '[coin]  of  Rudra 
siriiha,  a  deity  of  heaven, 
1696  A.D.'  Winged  dragon 
r.  below. 

Similar;  date  1620  = 
1698  a.d. 

Ditto;  date  1621  =  1699 
a.d. 

Ditto;  date  1622  =  1700 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1623=  1701 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1625=1703 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1626=1704 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1627=  1705 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1630=1708 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1631  =  1709 

A.D. 


Three-line  legend,  (1)  ^rl 
iri  Ha  (2)  ra  Gauri  pa  (3) 
ddmrita  madhu-  (4)  kara^ 
sya ;  '  a  bee  on  the  nectar 
of  the  feet  of  Hara  and 
Gaurl.' 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


1  These  are  the  dates  in  Mr.  Gait's  Report,  p.  3,  where  coins  dated  1648  are  cited  ;  but 
in  his  History,  p.  116,  the  same  author  follows  the  buranjis  and  aflSrms  that  Pratapa  simha 
died  in  1641,  The  dates  in  the  Report,  which  are  based  on  the  authority  of  the  Assamese 
historian  Kaslnath,  should  be  accepted  rather  than  those  of  the  buranjis.  When  Mr.  Gait 
{History,  p.  102)  avowed  his  preference  for  the  latter,  he  forgot  the  testimony  of  the  coins. 


300 


THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FRONTIER  KINGDOMS 


Strial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


3 

4 
5 

6 


IM. 


IM. 


I.M. 


A\ 

175-8 

-i) 

M 

173-9 

•93 

M 

175 

•9 

M 

174-3 

-91 

M 

173-7 

-88 

M 

86 

•  65 

As  No.  1;    date   1632  = 
1710  A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1633  =  1711 

A.  D. 

Ditto;  date  1634=1712 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1635  =  1713 

A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1636=1714 

A.D. 

(1)  Sri  srl  (2)  Rudra  si 
(3)  mhasya. 


As  No.  1. 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXIX,  3). 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

(1)  Srl  Srl  (2)  ^ivapada 
(3)  parasya ;  no  date. 


6lVA  SIMHA,  1714-44  a.d.^ 
Gold 


N 


ring 
•55 


M    175-8 
•96 


M 

176-2 

.96 

M 

174 

-98 

M 

86-8 

•65 

Al 

175 

-9 

{l)^rl  Srl  (2)  Siva  simha 
(3)  nripasya. 

Silver 

(1)  &rl  Srlmat  (2)  svarga 
deva  Si  (3)  va  siihha  nri- 
pasya (4)  ^dke  1639  (  = 
1717A.D.).  Winged  dragon 
r.  below. 

Similar;  date  1641  = 
1719  A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1643  =  1721 

A.D. 

(1)  ^rl  Srl  ^i  (2)  va 
simhasya  (3)  24  (regnal 
year  =1737  A.  d.). 


^ake  1660;  25  (  =  1738 
A.  D.,  twenty-fifth  regnal 
year). 

(1)  ^rl  Srl  Hara  (2)  Gaurl 
padd  (3)  mrita  madhuka 
(4)  rasya;  translation  as 
on  coins  of  Rudra  siiiih  a. 

Similar. 

Ditto. 

(1)  ^rl  Srl  (2)  ^iva  pada 
(3)  parasya;  '[coin]  of  Siva 
siiiiba  intent  on  the  feet  of 
Siva.' 

As  No.  2. 


i 


As  No.  2;  date  1660  = 
1738  A.  D. ;  regnal  year 
below,  25. 

PHULESVARi,  Queen  of  6iva  Simha,  died  1731 

Silver 


I.M. 


Ai 


175 
•96 


(1)  Srl  Srl  Siva  (2)  simha 
nripa  mahi  (3)  shl  Srl  Phu- 
leSva  (4)  rl  devydh. 


(1)  ^rl  Srl  Ha  (2)  ra 
Gaurl  pada  (3)  pardyand- 
ydh  (4)  Sake  1646.  Winged 
dragon  r.  below  ;    '  [coin] 


^  Raja  Siva  simha  (Sib  Singh,  1714-44),  in  order  to  evade  the  effect  of  an  astrologer's 
prediction,  made  over  the  insignia  of  sovereignty,  including  the  right  of  coining,  to  his 
successive  wives ;  first  to  Phule^varl,  alias  Pramathesvari,  who  struck  coins  in  both 
names,  and  died  in  1731  a.  d.  ;  secondly  to  her  sister  Deopadi,  whose  coins  bear  the  name 
of  Ambika  (died  1741)  ;  and, thirdly  to  Enadarl,  who  reigned  and  coined  as  Sarvesvarl. 
But,  as  the  catalogue  shows,  Siva  simha  also  coined  in  his  own  name  in  1737  and  1738  a.d. 
See  Gait,  History  qf  Assam,  p.  179. 


J 


SIVA   SIMHA  — AMBIKA 


301 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

of  queen  Phulesvarl,  con- 

sort of  king   Siva   siihlia, 

intent  on  the  feet  of  llara 

and  Gauri.' 

2 

l.M. 

M       176 
.92 

Similar  to  No.  1. 

Similar  to  No.  1 ;    date 
1647. 

3 

>> 

M       175 

•95 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  date  1648. 

PRAMATHE^VARl  (same  as  Phulesvari),  Queen  of  ^iya  Simha 

Gold 

(1)  ^rl  ^i  (2)  [va  sm] 
ha  (3)  nripa. 

Silver 

As  No.  1 ;  legend  com- 
plete. 


6 


l.M. 


l.M. 


N 


M 


ring 
•55 


(1)  -md  in  Pramathe  (3) 

iva  .  .  4. 


43-4 
.55 


M 


JR 


M 


M 


175 

.95 

174-3 
.95 

87-8 
•67 


sq. 

175-2 

•75 


As  No.  1  of  Phtilesvari, 
substituting  name  Prama- 
thesvari. 

Ditto. 

(1)  Sri  iri  ^i  (2)  va  simha 
nripa  (3)  mahishl. 


Persian  legend  sli 

Shah  Sheo  Singh  sikka  zad 
chU  mihr  ha  hukin  Begam 
Pratnathesari  Shah  ;  '  Shah 
Sheo  Singh,  coin  struck  as 
the  sun  by  order  of  Queen 
Pramathesari  Shah.' 


As  No.  1 ;  but  two  or 
three  characters  are  difficult 
to  read. 

As  on  coin  No.  1  of  Phu- 
lesvarl; date  1651  =  1729 
a.  d. 

Ditto;  date  1653=1731 

A.  D. 

(1)  ^ri  Prama  (2)  the- 
ivarl  (3)  devydh ;  '  [coin] 
of  queen  Pramathesvarl, 
consort  of  king  Siva  simha.' 
No  date. 

Persian  legend,  Maitna- 
nat  mantis  san  15  julUs, 
zarh  Gargdon  1651;  'in 
the  year  1 5  of  the  fortunate 
reign,  struck  at  Gargaon, 
1651'  (6aka=1729  A.  D.). 
Dragon  r.  in  1.  lower  corner 
{J.  A.  S.  D.,  Part  I,  1904, 
Num.  Suppl.,  p.  114,  PI.  II, 
16.  143  specimens  were 
found  at  Gargaon  in  Sib- 
sagar  District,  Assam). 


AMBIKA,  Queen  of  Siva  Simha,  died  1741  a.  d 

Silver 

l.M.      M    176-5        (1)  ^ri  iri  ^iva  (2)  simha 
•94   nripa  udva  (3)  llabha  Sri- 
mad  Ambi  (4)  kd  devindth. 
Dragon  r.  below. 


As  on  coins  No.  1  of 
Phulesvarl  and  No.  3  of 
Pramathesvarl ;  date,  Sake 
1657,  and  (regnal  year)  21 
=  1735  A.  D. 


302 


THE   NORTH-EASTERN   FRONTIER   KINGDOMS 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

2 

J.M. 

&    176-3 
•97 

As  No.  1. 

As  No.  1  ;  date  1658  and 
22  =  1736  A.D.   The  legend 
means,   '  [coin]   of    queen 
Ambika,   beloved   of  king 
^iva  siiiiha.* 

SARVE^VARl,  Queen  of  ^iva  Simha,  to  1744  a.d. 

Silver 


I.M. 


JR 


M 


M 


176 
•  93 


87 
.69 


175 

•97 


Legend  as  on  coins  of 
Ambika, substituting  name 
Sarve^varl ;  regnal  year  be- 
low 25  {?). 

(1)  ^rl  hi  ^i  {2)va  simha 
na  (3)  resvara. 


Legend  as  No. 
date  30. 


1 ;  regnal 


(1)  ^ri  Sri  Hara  (2)  Gauri 
pada  (3)  parayandndm ; 
date  1661  =  1739  A.D. 
Dragon  1.  below. 

(1)  udvalla  (2)  irl  Sarve 
(3)  Svarl  devlndrh,  25 ; 
'  [coin]  of  SarvesTarl,  the 
beloved  queen  of  the  lord 
Siva  simha.' 

Legend  as  No.  1 ;  date 
1665  =  1743  A.D. 


PRAMATHA  SIMHA,  alias  ^unenpha  (Chunenpha),  1744-51  a.d. 

(See  ante,  p.  298.) 

Gold 

(1)  ^rl  hi  Pra  {2)matha 
simhasya  (3)  nripasya. 


I.M. 


N 


87.8 
•67 


e 


8 


I.M. 


N 


M 


ring 
.6 


175-5 
.95 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


175 
•97 

174-3 
•99 

174-2 

1-0 

43 

-62 

86-5 

•68 


(1)  Sri  hi  Pra  {2)  matha 
simha  (3)  nfipasya. 

Silver 

(1)  Sri  hi  svarga  {2)deva 
Pramatha  (3)  simha  nri- 
pasya (4)  ^ake  1667  (= 
1745  A.  D.). 


Ditto;  date  1668(  =  1746 
A.  D.). 

As  No.  3;  date  1669  = 
1747  A.D. 

Ditto;  date  1670=1748 

A.D. 

{!)  ^rl  hi  Pra  (2)  matha 
simha  (3)  nripasya. 
Ditto. 


(1)  ^rl  hi  (2)  ^ivapada 
{3)parasya;  '[coin]  of  king 
Pramatha  intent  on  the  feet 
of  Siva.'  Lotus  flower  to 
r.  of  line  1  (PI.  XXIX,  4). 

(1)  ^dke  (2)  1671  (= 
1749  A.  D.). 

(1)  ^rl  hi  Hara{2)  Gaurl 
charana  (3)  kamala  madhU 
(4)  karasya ;  *  [coin]  of  the 
deity  of  heaven,  king  Pra- 
matha simha,  a  bee  on  the 
lotus  of  the  feet  of  liar  a 
and  Gaurl.' 

Ditto. 

As  No.  3. 

Ditto. 

(l).^aA:e  (2)  1673  =  1751 

A.D. 

(1)  &rl  Sri  (2)  ^ivapada 
(3)  parasya. 


SARVE^VARi  — RAJE^VARA  SIMHA 


303 


Obverse 


Reverse 


I.M. 


I.M. 


RAJE^VARA  SIMHA,  1751-69  a.  d. 

Gold 


N 


N 


M 


44-2 
•5 


ring 
•51 


175 

•  86 


(1)  ^rl  sri  Rd  (2)  jeSvara 
sim  (3)  ha  nripasya. 


Ditto. 


Silver 


JR  43-2 
•56 

M  175-8 
.88 

M  175 
•8 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


175 

•9 

43 

•55 

43-7 

•5 

43 

•55 

43-3 

•54 

175 

.92 

M    174.2 

•88 

M    175-3 

-9 

M       175 

-95 

JEi    175-5 

•86 

M         41 

55 


(1)  Sri  sri  svarga  (2) 
deva  iri  Rdjeiva  (3)  ra 
simha  nripasya  (4)  Sake 
1674  (  =  1752  A.D.).  Dra- 
gon 1.  below. 


(1)  Sri  irl  Rd  (2)  jeivara 
simha  (3)  nripasya. 

As  No.  3;  date  1675  = 
1753  A.  D, 

As  No.  3;  but  date  1675, 
and  script  Nagari,  not  Ben- 
gali. 

As  No.  3;  date  1678. 

As  No.  1. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

As  No.  3;  1682. 

Ditto;  1683. 

Ditto;  1684. 

Ditto;   1686. 

Ditto;  1688. 

As  No.  4. 


(l),^aA:e(2)  1677.  Cres- 
cent with  pellet  and  parts 
of  lotus  flowers  (PI.  XXIX, 
5). 

Similar;  date  1678  = 
1756  A.  D. 


(1)  Sri  Sri  Hara  (2)  Gaurl 
charana  ka  (3)  mala  maka- 
randa  (4)  madhukarasya ; 
'  [coin]  of  the  deity  of 
heaven,  king  Rajesvara 
simha,  a  bee  on  the  nectar 
of  the  lotus  of  the  feet  of 
Hara  and  Gaurl.' 

Sake  1674. 

As  No.  3. 

Ditto ;  substituting  Md- 
heSvarl  for  Hara -Gaurl. 
Dragon  1.  below  (PI.  XXIX, 
6). 

As  No.  3. 

Sake  1678. 
Sake  1679. 
Sake  1680. 
Sdke  1681. 
As  No.  3. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Sdke  1689. 


304        THE   NORTH-EASTERN   FRONTIER   KINGDOMS 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


18 
19 


20 
21 


22 


I.M. 


Ai 

175-5 

-88 

M 

86 

-66 

M 

10-8 

-32 

M 

sq. 

174 

•8 

M 

oct. 

172 

.88 

As  No.  3;   1690. 
As  No.  4. 


(1)  ^rl  Rd  {2)jeivara. 

Persian  legend,  read  from 
below,  Sri  Rdjeshar  Singh 
zad  In  'dlampandh  sikka-i- 
sultdn  chu  khurshed  [wa] 
mdh  ;  '  This  world-protect- 
ing Rajeshar  Singh  struck 
the  Sultan's  coin  like  sun 
[and]  moon.' 


Same  legend. 


As  No.  3. 

(1)  Sri  irl  Si  (2)  vapada 
para  (3)  yanasya;  '[coin] 
of  king  Rajeivara  simha 
devoted  to  the  feet  of  Siva.' 
No  date. 

(1)  Simha  (2)  nripasya. 
No  date. 

Persian  legend,  Zarb 
Rangpur  san  julus  maima- 
nat  mdnUs  1674  (Saka 
=  1752  A.  D.)  ;  'struck  at 
Rangpur,  in  the  year  of  the 
fortunate  reign  1674.'  The 
regnal  year  is  not  stated. 
Raje^vara  simha  had  a 
palace  at  Rangpur  near 
Sibsagar  (Gait,  History,  p. 
180). 

Same  legend,  but  date 
1685  =  1763  A.D. 


I.M. 


3 

4 
5 
6 
7 


I.M. 


N 


LAKSHMi  SIMHA,  1769-80  a.d. 
Gold 


40-3 
.5 


M 

174-8 

•9 

M 

44 

-55 

Al 

175-8 

•9 

M 

175 

-9 

Ai 

175-7 

•95 

Ai 

44 

•53 

(1)  ^rl  hi  La  (2)  kshml 
simha  (3)  nripasya. 

Silver 

( 1 ) ^rl hi svarga  (2)deva 
Lakshml  (3)  simha  nripa- 
sija  (4)  ^dke  1692.  Dragon 
r.  below. 


As  No.  1. 
As  No.  2;  1693. 
Ditto;   1695. 
Ditto;   1696. 
As  No.  1. 


(l)^a^e  (2)  1692  =  1770 

A.D. 


(1)  ^rl  irl  Hara  {2)  Gaurl 
charandra  (3)  vinda  maka- 
randa  (4)  viadhiikarasya ; 
*  [coin]  of  the  deity  of  hea- 
ven, king  Lakshml  siiiiha, 
a  bee  on  the  nectar  of  the 
lotus  of  the  feet  of  Kara 
and  Gaurl.' 

As  No.  1 ;  same  date. 

As  No.  2. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

As  No.  1  ;   1696. 


LAKSHMi   SIMHA  —  GAURINATHA   SIMHA 


305 


Serial 
No 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

i.1  v^« 

3ize 

8 

I.M. 

M 

175 
-93 

As  No.  2;   1697. 

As  No.  2. 

9 

M 

44-3 
•55 

As  No.  1. 

As  No.  1 ;  1697. 

10 

M 

175 

-9 

174-4 

As  No.  2;  1698. 

As  No.  2. 

11 

M 

Ditto;  1700. 

Ditto. 

•97 

12 

M 

43-2 

•6 

44-2 

As  No.  1. 

As  No.  1;   1701. 

13 

M 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  1702. 

-55 

14 

M 

79-3 
•69 

Ditto. 

(1)   ^rl   in   Ha   (2)  ra 
Gauri  pa  (3)  da  parasya ; 
'  [coin]    of   king   Lakshmi 
simha  intent  on  the  feet  of 
Hara  and  Gaurl.' 

15 

>> 

M 

72-6 

•7 

84-8 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  a  thin  coin. 

16 

55 

M 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

-65 

17 

55 

M 

22-6 
-44 

(1)  ^rl  irl  La  (2)  kshmi. 

(1)  simha  (2)  nripasya. 

18 

55 

M 

10-7 
-32 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXIX,  7). 

I.M. 


I.M. 


GAURINATHA  SIMHA,  1780-95  a.  d 

Gold 

(l)  Sri  irl  svarga{2)deva 
Gaurlnd  (3)  tha  simha  nri- 
pasya (4)  ^dke  171  (?). 
Dragon  r.  below. 


AT 

173-3 

•9 

N 

85 

-65 

M 

175-8 

-93 

M 

44-5 

-6 

M 

174 

-95 

(1)   ^rl   iri  Gau  (2)  ri 
ndtha  si  (3)  mha  nripasya. 


Silver- 
As 'No.  1;  1703. 

As  No.  2. 
As  No.  3;   1705. 
X 


(1)  ^rl  hi  Hara  (2)  Gaurl 
charana  ka  (3)  mala  maka- 
randa  (4)  madhUkarasya ; 
'  [coin]  of  the  deity  of 
heaven,  king  Gaurlnatha 
simha,  a  bee  on  the  nectar 
of  the  lotus  of  the  feet  of 
Hara  and  Gauri.* 

(1)  ^rl  srl  Ha  (2)  ra 
Gaurl  pa  (3)  da  parasya  ; 
'  [coin]  of  king  Gaurlnatha 
simha,  intent  on  the  feet 
of  Hara  and  Gaurl.' 

As  No.  1,  substituting 
the  synonym  aravinda  for 
kamala. 

(1)  ^dke  (2)  1703. 

As  No.  3. 


306         THE   NORTH-EASTERN   FRONTIER   KINGDOMS 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Motal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

Size 

6 

I.M. 

M 

174 

As  No.  3;  1706;  regnal 

{l)^rl  Sri  IIa{2)  ra Gauri 

-97 

date  5  in  lieu  of  dragon. 

pa  (3)  damrita  madhu  (4) 
karasya  ;  translation  as  on 
No.    3,   omitting    'of    the 
lotus '. 

7 

;» 

M 

43 

(1)    ^rl   Sri  Gau  (2)    rl 

(1)  ^dke  (2)  1706;    (3) 

•6 

natha  sim  (3)  ha  nripasya. 

5  (regnal  year). 

8 

V 

M 

175 
-97 

As  No.  3;   1707.' 

As  No.  1. 

0 

5? 

Al 

174 

•87 

Ditto;   1708. 

Ditto. 

10 

>> 

M 

44 

-58 

As  No.  2. 

(\)^dke;  (2)  1708. 

11 

55 

M 

173-2 

•85 

174-4 

As  No.  3;  1709. 

As  No.  1. 

12 

55 

M 

Ditto;   171  (?). 

Ditto. 

•94 

13 

55 

M 

175-2 

•95 

86-8 

Ditto;   1716. 

Ditto. 

14 

M 

As  No.  2. 

As  No.  2. 

•72 

15 

55 

M 

83-7 
•67 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

16 

!5 

JR 

21^5 
•5 

(1)  ^rl   irl   Gau  (2)  rl 

ndtha. 

(1)  sirhha  (2)  nripasya. 

17 

55 

M 

22 
•45 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

18 

55 

M 

cir- 

(1)  ^rl  (2)  Gau. 

(1)  rl  nd  (2)  thasya ;  a 

cular   4-2 

(?)  fortieth  part  of  a  rupee 

•22 

(PI.  XXIX,  8). 

BHARATHA  SIMHA,  Raja  of  Ranqpur,  1792-3  a.  d.  and 

AGAIN    1797   A.D. 


I.M. 


M 


175-5 
-95 


M 


174-5 
•87 


Silver 

Four-line  legend,  (1)  ^rl 
Sri  Bhagddatta  (2)  kulo- 
dvara  Srt  Bha  (3)  rat  ha 
sirhha  nripasya  (4)  Sake 
1714.'     Dragon  r.  below. 


Ditto;  date  1719  =  1797 

A.D. 


Four-line  legend,  (1)  <^rl 
Sri  Krishna  charandravinda 
makaranda  pramada  ma- 
dhilkarasya;  '[coin]  of  king 
Bharatha  simha  of  the  ex- 
cellent lineage  of  Bhaga- 
datta,  intoxicated  with  the 
nectar  of  the  lotus  of  the 
feet  of  Krishna,  ^caka  1714' 
=  1792-3  A.D.  (PI.  XXIX, 
9). 

Ditto. 


f 


»  For  legends  of  Bhagadatta  (Bhagdatta)  see  Gait,  History,  pp.  13,  27,  29. 


BHARATHA   SIMHA  —  JAYANTAPURA 


30r 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


KAMALESVARA  SIMHA,  ok  Kinnaram,  1795-1810  a.d. 

Silver 

I.M.      /R     87-3       Three-line  legend, (l),^ri       Three-line  legend,  (l)^n 

•65   irl  Ka  (2)  maleivara  si  (3)  irl  Ha  (2)  ra  Gaurl  chara 

rhha  nripasya.  (3)  na  parasya  ;  '  [coin]  of 

king  Kamalesvara  simha, 
devoted  to  the  feet  of  Hara 
and  Gauri '  (PI.  XXIX,  10). 

CHANDRAKANTA  SIMHA  NARENDRA,  1810-18  a.  d.,  restored 

NOMINALLY   IN    1819 


I.M. 

M      oval 

5-6 

.3X-25 

Silver 

Two-line  legend,  (1)  ^rt 
Cha  (2)  ndra. 


Two-line  legend,  (1) 
Kdnta  (2)  sya  (PI.  XXIX, 
11). 


BRAJNATHA  SIMHA,  Feb.,  1818  a.  d.,  temporary 


IJI. 

M       175 

•94 

J> 

M    174-7 

•9 

Silver 

Four-line  legend,  {I)  Sri 
srl  svarga  (2)  deva  in 
Brajnd  (3)  tha  simha  nri- 
pasya (4)  ^dke  1739. 


Ditto;  date  1740. 


Four-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 
irl  Rddhd  (2)  Krishna  cha- 
rana  ka{3)malamakaranda 
(4)  madhUkarasya  ;  '  [coin] 
of  the  deity  of  heaven,  king 
Brajnatha  simha,  a  bee  on 
the  nectar  of  the  lotus  of 
the  feet  of  Radha  and 
Krishna,  ^aka  1739 '  = 
1818  A.D.  (PI.  XXIX,  12). 

Ditto;    1740  ^.  =  1818 

A.D. 


MINOR  STATES 
I.    JAYAl^TAPURA 


I.M. 


M 


150 
M2 


ANONYMOUS  COINS 

Silver 

Four-line  legend  in  circle 
with  broad  dotted  margin, 
(1)  ^rl  irl  Ja  {2)  yantd- 
pura  Pu  (3)  randarasya  Sd 
(4)  ke  1630.  Horizontal 
line  above  date. 

X  % 


Four-line  legend  in  circle 
with  broad  dotted  margin, 
(1)  &rl  hi  ^i  (2)  va  cha- 
rana  ka  (3)  mala  madhuka 
(4)  rasya;  '[coin]  of  the 
Purandara  [=  Indra]  of 
Jayantapura,  a  bee  on  the 


308 


THE   NORTH-EASTERN   FRONTIER   KINGDOMS 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

lotus   of  the  feet  of  Siva, 

6aka    1630'  =  1708   A.D. 

Crescent  in  upper  margin  ; 

six-pointed  star  at  end  of 

legend ;  sword  to  r,  of  le- 

gend.     (PI.    XXIX,     13: 

J.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  1895, 

PI.  XXIV,    10;    probably 

in  reign  of  Rama  siihha.) 

2 

I.M. 

M    150-8 

Similar  to  No.   1  ;  date 

Similar ;    probably    be- 

1-2 

1653  ^.  =  1731  A.D. 

longs  to  first  year  of  reign 
of  Bara  Gusain. 

3 

>> 

M       148 
1-22 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

4 

5? 

M       117 
1-2 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto ;  ditto  (PI.  XXIX, 
14). 

1 

2 

3 
4 


I.M. 


JE 

JE 


12-3 
•4 

10-8 
•37 

10-6 

•  33 

10 

•35 


II.     MANIPUR 

Copper 

ANONYMOUS 

Md  in  raised  letters  in 
incuse. 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


Blank   (PI.   XXIX,   15; 
Rogders,  Part  III,  p.  118). 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 


III.     TIPPERAH   (TRIPURA) 

RAMA  SIMHA  MANIKYA,  1806  a.d. 


UI. 


M 


162-3 

1-02 


Silver 

Ornaments  on  margin  : 
five-line  legend  in  square, 
(1)  Siva  Durgd  pade  (2) 
irl  Sri  yuta  Rama  \z)samha 
[for  siihha'^  mdnikya  (4) 
deva  Srlmati  Td  (5)  rd 
tnahddevl ;  '  at  the  foot  of 
Siva  and  Durga,  devoted 
to  Sri,  Rama  siihha  mani- 
kya  deva  [and]  queen  {ma- 
hddevi)  Tara.* 


Grotesque  lion  standing 
1.  with  off  fore-foot  raised ; 
trident  on  his  back  ;  four- 
rayed  star  in  front  and  be- 
hind ;  below -^aA:e  1728  = 
1806  A.D.  (PI.  XXIX,  16). 


PLATE    XXIX 


2    ^'^--*— '   /R 


]?^i^ii^ 


THE    NORTH    EASTERN    FRONTIER    KINGDOMS 

ASSAM.    JAYANTAPUR,    MANIPUR,    TiPPERAH 


CHHOTA    UDAIPUR.    SIKIM 


/ 


i 


MANIPUR  — SIKIM 


309 


Obverse 


Keverse 


i 


IV.     CHHOTA  UDAIPUR   (Rodgers,  Part  III,  p.  119) 

Copper 
NAME  NOT  DECIPHERED 

Two-line  legend  not  read. 


2 
3 

4 


l.M. 

JE 

217 
1-2 

It 

M 

207 
1-0 

j> 

M 

115 
•92 

>» 

M 

•95 

l.M. 


M 


M 


79-2 
•84 


64-3 
•9 


Horizontal  line  across 
centre ;  above  characters 
not  read  ;  below  date  not 
read. 

Similar ;  less  distinct. 

Similar ;   date  seems  to 
be  1 787  (6aka=  1865  A.D.). 
Similar ;  date  not  read. 


V.     SIKIM 

Copper 
(?)  ANONYMOUS 

Three-line  legend  in 
square,  (1)  ^rl  srl  iri  (2) 
sinimpati  (3)  mdhd  raja. 
Date  below  seems  to  be 
1840.  {Sinimjyati  (?)  for 
senapati,  '  general.') 

Three-line  legend  in 
square,  (1)  Srl  hi  Srl  (2) 
Sikim  .  .  (3)  tibutd  rdjd. 


Similar. 

Similar  (PI.  XXIX,  17). 

Similar. 


Three-line  legend  in 
square,  (1)  ^rt  Srl  Srl  (2) 
Sikim  (3)  sarkdr,  '  the  go- 
vernment of  Sikim.' 


Ditto  (PI.  XXIX,  18). 


Section  XXI 

WESTERN  AND   SOUTHERN   INDIA, 
EXCLUDING  YIJAYANAGAR  AND   MYSORE 

INTRODUCTION 

The  metric  system  of  Southern  India  appears  to  be  based  upon  the 
weights  of  two  kinds  of  seeds,  the  manjadi  {Aclenanthera  pavonina), 
averaging  about  five  grains  Troy,  and  the  kalanju,  '  Molucca  bean '  or 
'  bonduc  nut '  {Caesalpinia  bonduc,  Guilandina  bonducella),  which  was 
considered  as  equivalent  to  ten  manjadis.  The  rati  seed  {Ahrus  pre- 
catorius),  the  base  of  the  metric  system  of  Northern  India,  was  not 
used  in  the  south  in  early  times,  but  in  practice  the  kalanju  weight  did 
not  differ  widely  from  the  northern  standard  of  32  ratis,  to  which  the 
punch-marked  silver  coins  {ante,  Sect.  V)  were  struck.  These  punch- 
marked  coins,  which  occur  all  over  India,  north  and  south,  have  been 
considered  in  Section  V  with  reference  to  the  whole  country.  The 
southern  specimens  may  be  regarded  as  roughly  equivalent  to  a  kalanju. 
Large  classes  of  ancient  thin,  flat  coins,  such  as  are  described  in 
Loventhal's  little  book,  The  Coins  of  Tinnevelly  (Madras,  Higginbotham 
&  Co.,  1888),  are  found  in  the  peninsular  region,  but,  not  being  repre- 
sented in  the  Indian  Museum  or  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal  cabinets,  may 
be  passed  over  with  this  allusion. 

The  most  characteristic  southern  coinage  is  that  in  gold  of  small 
pieces  known  as  fanams,  equivalent  in  weight  to  maiijddi  seeds,  and 
of  larger  pieces  known  as  huns,  vardhas,  or  pagodas,  ten  times  the 
weight  of  the  fanam,  and  equivalent  to  kalanju  seeds. 

The  fanam  is  a  tiny,  thin,  circular  die-struck  coin,  and  I  do  not 
know  whether  it  was  an  independent  Dravidian  invention  or  was 
derived  from  some  foreign  model.  The  pagoda  (hun  or  vardha)  was 
developed  independently,  like  the  early  Lydian  coins,  from  a  globule 
or  spherule  of  gold.  The  earliest  examples,  of  uncertain  date,  are 
either  quite  plain  or  have  a  faint  punch-mark  in  the  centre.  Specimens 
of  these  early  coins  are  catalogued  under  the  sub-head  '  Early  Anonymous, 
blank   or   nearly  blank '.     Gradually,   as    in    Greece,  the   globule  was 


INTRODUCTION  311 

flattened,  and  became  an  ordinary  die-struck  coin.  Pagodas  continued 
to  be  struck  until  1819.  In  1835  the  special  southern  currencies  were 
superseded  by  the  imperial  rupee  coinage.  The  reader  will  find  the 
numismatic  history  of  the  south,  so  far  as  it  is  known,  worked  out  in 
Elliot's  Coins  of  Southern  India  (Intern.  Num.  Or.,  1885) ;  Tufnell's 
Hints  to  Coin  Collectors  in  Southern  India  (Madras,  Higginbotham 
&  Co.,  1889) ;  Loventhal's  work  already  cited ;  Dr.  Bidie's  article,  '  The 
Pagoda  or  Varaha  Coins  of  Southern  India '  (/.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  1883, 
p.  33) ;  and  Mr.  Thurston's  catalogues  of  coins  in  the  Madras  Museum, 
especially  the  volume  entitled  History  of  the  Coinage  of  the  Territories 
of  the  East  India  Company  in  the  Indian  Peninsula  (Madras,  Govern- 
ment Press,  1890). 

The  curious  cup-shaped  pieces  known  as  padma  tankas,  or  '  lotus- 
coins  ',  are  heavier  than  the  pagoda,  averaging  about  58  grains  each. 
Their  peculiar  form  connects  them  with  the  coinage  of  the  Western 
Chalukya  dynasty  of  Kalyani,  but  their  date  cannot  be  determined 
with  accuracy.  The  gold  coins  of  Jagadekamalla  of  that  dynasty,  either 
J.  I  (1018-42  A.D.)  or  J.  II  (1138-49  A.D.),  are  now  published  for  the 
first  time  (PI.  XXX,  2,  3). 

The  base  silver  coins  of  Vishamasiddhi  or  Kubj a- Vishnu  vardhana, 
the  first  king  of  the  Eastern  Chalukya  dynasty  of  Vengi  (615-33  a.  d.), 
although  described  by  Dr.  Hultzsch,  have  not  been  figured  previously 
so  far  as  I  know  (PL  XXX,  1).  The  strange  broad,  thin  punch-marked 
gold  coinage  of  the  same  dynasty  in  the  eleventh  century,  which  has 
been  known  for  many  years,  is  represented  in  the  catalogue  by  a  single 
coin  of  Saktivarman  or  Chalukya  chandra. 

Two  of  the  rare  coins  of  the  Kadamba  chiefs  of  Goa  in  the  twelfth 
century,  one  gold  and  one  silver,  are  catalogued,  but  unluckily  the 
king's  name  cannot  be  read  completely  on  either  (PI.  XXX,  5,  6). 

The  Ganga  dynasty  of  Kalinga  is  represented  by  eight  gold  fanams 
(PL  XXX,  7)  issued  by  Anantavarma  Chodaganga  (1075-1146  a.d.).  The 
capital  of  this  dynasty  was  at  Kalinganagara,  the  modern  Mukhalingam 
in  the  Ganjam  District  (Ejx  Ind.,  iv.  188 ;  Ind.  Ant,  xxv,  p.  322). 

The  specimens  of  the  coinage  of  the  Hindu  state  of  Travancore 
(PL  XXX,  8-15)  are  all  modern,  the  oldest  not  being  earlier  than  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  silver  chakrara  is  of  the  same  weight  as  the 
gold  fanam,  between  five  and  six  grains.  The  copper  kdsu  or  '  cash ', 
weighing  nearly  ten  grains,  represents  the  cowrie  of  Bengal,  and  was 
valued  as  the  eightieth  part  of  the  gold  fanam  (C.  S.  /.,  pp.  59,  139). 
The  recent  coins  of  Travancore  copy  English  models. 

The  representation  in  the  Museum  of  the  Indo-Portuguese,  Indo- 
French,  and  early  Anglo-Indian  coinage  is  so  fragmentary  that  it  would 
be  out  of  place  here  to  go  into  any  detail  on  the  subject.     Generally 


312 


WESTERN    AND   SOUTHERN   INDIA 


speaking,  the  collection  of  southern  coins  now  catalogued  is  miserably 
imperfect,  and  wholly  unworthy  of  an  imperial  museum. 

For  convenience  the  coins  of  Vijayanagar  and  Mysore  are  treated 
in  a  separate  section  ;  but,  excepting  those  of  the  Muhammadan  dynasty, 
they  follow  the  ordinary  southern  types  of  pagoda  and  fanam. 

The  southern  coinage,  as  a  whole,  is  of  far  less  interest  and 
historical  value  than  the  northern,  the  most  characteristic  kinds  rarely 
being  inscribed  or  dated.  No  adequate  work  on  the  subject  exists,  the 
publications  cited  above  all  being  imperfect  in  one  way  or  another. 
Sir  Walter  Elliot's  work,  The  Coins  of  Southern  Imdia,  is  the  most 
important,  and  gives  the  best  general  view. 

The  history  of  the  Chalukya  and  other  dynasties  of  the  Deccan  and 
Peninsula  will  be  found  in  Fleet's  Kanarese  Dynasties  (2nd  ed.,  Bomb. 
Gaz.,  vol.  i,  Part  II).  The  Chalukyan  coins  are  not  struck  to  the 
southern  scale  of  weights.  The  gold  coins  seem  to  be  intended  for 
drachmas,  and  the  coins  of  the  Kadamba  chiefs  of  Goa  may  be  struck  to 
the  same  weight  standard.  The  Ganga  king  of  Kalinga  and  Orissa, 
Anantavarma  Chodaganga,  who  reigned  from  1075-1146  A.  D.,  issued 
heavy  gold  fanams,  weighing  between  seven  and  eight  grains  each.  The 
specimens  in  the  Museum  formed  a  necklace  or  similar  ornament. 


CATALOGUE ' 

I.     THE  EASTERN   CHALUKYA   DYNASTY  OF 
VENGI  {Ind.  Ant,  xx.  94) 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


VISHAMASIDDHI,  alias  KUBJ A- VISHNU  VARDHANA,  615-33  a.d. 


A.S.B. 

Ai 

base 

50 

•61 

'> 

Ai 

base 

44-5 

•63 

Base  silver 

Within  dotted  border,  a 
rude  lion  r.;  above,  Telugu 
legend,  Vishamasiddhi,^  suc- 
cessful in  scaling  the  in- 
accessible places.' 

Similar. 


Within  a  border  of  rays, 
a  double  trident,  sur- 
mounted by  a  crescent,  and 
flanked  by  two  lamps  (PI. 
XXX,  1  ;  Hultzsch,  Ind. 
Ant.,  XXV.  322). 

Similar ;  in  poor  con- 
dition. 


^  Special  abbreviations  in  this  section  are  B.  =  Bidie,  '  The  Pagoda  or  Varaha  coins  of 
Southern  India '  {J.  A.  S.  B.,  Part  I,  1883,  p.  33)  ;  Th.  =  Thurston,  Catalogues  (if  Coins  in  the 
Madras  Museum  ;  Tu.  =Tufnell,  Hints  to  Coin  Collectors  »i  Southern  India. 


VISHAMASIDDHI  —  JAGADEKAMALLA 


313 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 
Weight, 

Obverse 

Reverse 

Size 

3 

I.M. 

M      base 

45-3 

•7 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

4 

)> 

M     base, 

broken 

•67 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

5 

j> 

M      base 

32-5 

•58 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

SAKTIVARMAN,  or  CHALUKYA  CHANDRA,  about  1000-12  a.  d. 

Gold 


A.S.B. 


AT 


65-5 
1-22 


In  centre  the  Chalukyan 
badge,  a  boar  standing  r., 
surmounted  by  umbrella, 
with  a  chauri,  or  fly- whisk 
on  each  side.  Marginal 
legend  in  large repousseOld 
Kanarese  characters,  Sri 
Chdlukya  sa  13;  i.e.  year 
13  of  reign. 


Blank.  The  coin  is  a 
thin  plate,  with  the  device 
and  letters  punched  in  from 
rev.  (Fleet,  Ind.  Ant.,  xix, 
p.  79,  Plate,  Figs.  A,  B, 
C ;  reading  corrected  by 
Hultzsch,    ibid.,    xxv,    p. 


321,    n.    14; 
III,  79). 


G.S.I.,  PI. 


II.    THE   WESTERN   CHALUKYA  DYNASTY 

OF   KALYANI^ 

Gold 

JAGADEKAMALLA,  either  (I),  alias  JAYASIMHA  II  (flor. 
1018-42  A.D.),  OR  (II),  alias  PERMA  (flor.  1138-49  a.  d.) 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


M 


68 
M 


M 


67-3 
1-03 


Concave,  in  shallow  cup- 
shape  ;  temple  in  centre 
with  Kanarese  legend  on 
the  basement,  Jagadeka- 
mala  (for  malla),  '  the  sole 
wrestler  (champion)  of  the 
world.'  On  margin  in 
characters  formed  by  sepa- 
rate punches, orl  three  times, 
and  Jagadekamala  four 
times. 

Similar. 


Blank  (PI.  XXX,  2). 


Ditto ;  presented  by  the 
Bombay  Government  (PI. 
XXX,  3). 


1  Kalyani  in  the  Nizam's  Dominions  (N.  lat.  17"  51',  E.  long.  77°),  the  ancient  Kalyana 
or  Kalyanapura  (Fleet,  Kanarese  Dynasties,  2nd  ed.,  p.  427,  in  Bomh.  Gas.,  vol.  i,  Part  II). 


314 


WESTERN   AND   SOUTHERN   INDIA 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


ANONYMOUS,  (?)  CHALUKYA 


IM. 


M 


base 

53-5 

•9 


Cup-shaped ;  in  centre 
Hanuman ;  on  margin  Ha 
four  times,  with  symbols, 
(?j  solar,  interposed. 


Blank  (PI.  XXX,  4  ;  this 
may  be  only  a  piece  for 
temple  offerings,  not  a  true 
coin,  see  C.  S.  I.,  p.  99). 


III.     THE   KADAMBA   CHIEFS   OF   GOA 

Gold 


(?)JAYAKESIN  m,  1187— ABOUT  1212  a.d. 


I.M. 


N 


67-8 
•72 


In  circle  surrounded  by 
border  of  dots,  five-line 
Nagarl  legend,  (1)  ^rl  Sap- 
tako-  (2)  tiivara  lahdha 
vara  (3)  .  .  A;e  .  .  .  .  (5) 
.  .  .  .  ,  meaning  that  the 
Raja  '  obtained  boons  from 
Saptakotlsvara '  or  Siva. 

Silver 


Heraldic  -  looking  lion 
standing  1. ;  sun  and  moon 
above ;  legend  jana  or 
jdna  (Fleet)  in  front,  which 
ought  to  be,  but  is  not,  the 
name  of  a  year  of  the 
Jovian  cycle.     (PI.   XXX, 


5  ;   comp. 
68-71.) 


C.  S.  /.,  PI.  II, 


(?)  VISHNU  CHITTA-DEVA,  1147— about  1185  a.d. 


I.M. 


M 


37-8 
.68 


In  square  with  marginal 
ornaments,  three-line  le- 
gend, (1)  Saiaka  gu  (2) 
.  .  chi  (3)  tta  devah.  (The 
name  ends  in  chitta-devah, 
but  the  first  part  is  ob- 
scure.) 


In  circle  surrounded  by 
border  of  dots,  a  rampant 
lion  1.  ;  sun  and  moon 
above;  and  below  characters 
which  probably  are  the 
name  of  the  Jovian  year 
(PI.  XXX,  6).^ 


I 


IV.     THE   GANGA   DYNASTY   OF   KALINGA 

ANANTAVARMA  CHODAGANGA,  1075-1146  a.d. 

Gold  fanams 


2 


UI. 


A.S.B. 


I.M. 


N      loop 

attached 

•45 

A''  loop 
attached 

•  42 
N      loop 

attached 

•  41 


Telugu  regnal  date, 
namely,  Sa\mvat]  above, 
figure  '  4  '  below. 

Similar;  Sa  5. 

Ditto;  Sa  13. 


Recumbent  bull  r. ;  sym- 
bols above  and  in  front. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


'  No.  1  was  submitted  to  Dr.  Fleet,  and  both  coins  were  examined  by  Dr.  Ilultzsch, 
but  tbe  king's  name  bas  not  been  deciphered  fully  on  either.  Both  pieces  seem  to  belong 
to  the  Goa  series.  For  list  of  the  Kadamba  rulers  of  Goa  see  Fleet,  Kan.  Dynasties,  2nd  ed., 
p.  565. 


ANONYMOUS  — TRAVANCORE  STATE 


315 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4 

IJL 

5 

>> 

6 

A.S.B. 

7 

I.M. 

8 

5J 

8a 

!> 

8b 

)> 

N      loop 

attached 

•4 

iV         7-7 

•42 

^      loop 

attached 

•4 

iV      loop 

attached 

•43 

N       loop 

attached 

•44 

iV       loop 

attached 

•52 

N      loop 

attached 

•53 


Ditto;  Sa  15;  traces  of 
legend  above,  read  by 
Hoernle  as  Sri  Ga\m\ga. 

Ditto;  Sa  31. 

Ditto;  Sa  31. 


Ditto ;  Sa  33. 


Ditto ;  Sa  34. 


Figure  of  Hanuman 
('  anthropoid  Garuda,' 

Hoernle)  repousse. 

Lotus,  repousse. 


Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXX,  7). 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Blank. 


Ditto.  (Nos.  8  a  and  8& 
are  not  coins,  but  orna- 
ments made  to  match  the 
coins  in  order  to  complete 
the  necklace.) 


V.    TRAVANCORE   STATE 

Gold  fananis,  of  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  centuries 


1 

IJL 

N 

5^8 
•38 

Dagger. 

2 

)> 

N 

6-1 

•35 

Twelve  pellets  and  lines. 

3 

)j 

N 

6 
•  32 

Similar. 

4 

)) 

N 

6 

•28 

Crescent  with  twelve  pel- 
lets above ;  characters  be- 
low ;  all  in  dotted  border. 

5 

)> 

N 

6 
•3 

5-6 

•  3 

5-8 

Similar. 

6 

3) 

N 

Twelve  pellets  and  lines. 

7 

)> 

N 

Twelve  pellets  and  sym- 

•3 

bol. 

8 

)) 

N 

6 
•34 

Twelve  pellets,  and  cha- 
racters, (?)  Sri. 

9 

„ 

N 

6 
•3 

Similar. 

Heart-shaped  device, 
containing  twelve  pellets ; 
crescent  above  (Pi.  XXX, 
8). 

Twelve  pellets  and  lines. 

Similar. 

Nandipada  symbol,  en- 
closing eight  pellets,  with 
incomplete  double  circle 
below  (PI.  XXX,  9). 

Similar. 

Twelve  pellets  and  sym- 
bol. 

Variety  of  nandipada 
symbol,  with  pellets. 

Nandipada  symbol  with 
eight  pellets ;  square  be- 
low. 

Similar. 


316 


WESTERN   AND   SOUTHERN   INDIA 


Serial 
No. 


10 


1 
2 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


I.M. 


N      base 

5 

•25 


Obverse 


Reverse 


A   kind  of  dagger,  and 
other  marks. 


Characters,  not  read  (PI. 
XXX,  10). 


Silver  chakrams,  half-chakrams,  double  and  treble  chakrams, 
of  same  period  as  the  gold  fanarns 


1 

I.M. 

2 

>> 

3 

)5 

4 

)> 

5 

5> 

6 

>? 

7 

5» 

8 

■>■> 

9 

5> 

10 

J> 

11 

)> 

M 
M 
M 

5-5 
•28 

6 
•22 
6-1 
•25 

5 
•  25 

5 
•25 
5-6 
•25 

3 
•2 

3 

•2 

11-5 

•32 

11-5 

•32 

16 

•4 

Curved    line    and    two 
pellets. 

Ditto ;  probably  intend- 
ed for  iankh  shell. 

Similar. 

Curved  lines  and  pellets. 

Curved     and     straight 
lines. 
Similar. 

M 

Similar ;    but  not  quite 
the  same. 
Ditto;  ditto. 

Similar. 
Ditto. 

M 
M 

Curved  line,  twelve  pel- 
lets, three-leaved  spray. 
Shell  and  pellets. 

Ditto. 

Nandipada  symbol  (PL 
XXX,  11). 

'  Solomon's  seal '  device, 
namely  two  equilateral  tri- 
angles interlaced. 

Ditto. 

M 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Ditto ;    and   Malayalim 
legend  (PI.  XXX,  12). 
Ditto ;  ditto. 

M 

Shell  and  crescent. 

Curved  object  andtwelve 
pellets ;  a  treble  chakram. 

Silver  two-anna  pieces,  of  English  fashion 
RAJA  RAMA  VARMA,  either  1860-80  a.d.  or  1880-(?)  ^ 


I.M. 


M  23-7 
•6 

M.  23-5 
•6 


The  English  letters  R.  V. 
in  wreath. 
Ditto. 


Wreath  ;  (?)  numeral  in 
centre  (PI.  XXX,  13). 
Ditto. 


Copper  *  cash '  (Kdsu),  and  multiples  of  the  same 


1 

I.M. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9-8 
•3 
10 
•3 

9-8 

•3 

19-6 

•4 

Four-armed  god  (Vishnu 
or  Krishna). 
Ditto.  ' 

'Solomon's  seal'  in  rayed 
circle. 
Ditto. 

JE 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

JE 

Ditto  ;  Malayalim  figure 
2  below. 

Ditto. 

JE 

40-1 
•55 

Ditto ;  Malayalim  figure 
4  below. 

Ditto  (a  duddu). 

*  List  of  the  Travancore  sovereigns  in  C,  S.  I.,  p.  140. 


RAJA  RAMA  YAUMA  —  PADMA   TANK  AS 


317 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

6 

I.M. 

M      80-2 
•65 

Spiny  murex  shell.    Ma- 
layalim   marginal    legend, 
Ara  chakram,  '  half  a  cha- 
kram.' 

Ditto  {a  tuttw,  PI.  XXX, 
14;   seeC.  S. /.,p.  139  and 
No.  197). 

2 
8 


Modern  gold  coins  ;  rudely  milled  edge  ;  no  name 


I.M. 


Af 

N 

N 


79 
•76 


39-5 

•  62 

19-5 

•5 


Shell  in  wreath. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


In  wreath,  three-line 
Malayalim  legend,  (1)  ^rl 
(2)  padma  (3)  ndbha, '  lotus 
in  navel,'  scil.  Vishnu. 

Ditto. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXX,  15). 


VI. 


1 

2 
3 
4 


5 
6 

7 
8 


1.31. 


I.M. 


EARLY  ANONYMOUS   COINS   OF 
SOUTHERN   INDIA 

Gold 
A.    BLANK  OR  NEARLY  BLANK 


N 
N 
N 
M 


AT 

Af 
N 


N 


52-4 

.44 

51-9 

•46 

51-4 

.4 

52 

•37 


51-5 
•37 

51-5 
•45 

51 

•  44 

50-5 

•47 


Flattened  globule,  with 
slight  protuberance. 
Similar. 

Ditto. 

Similar ;    faint    punch- 
mark  in  centre. 


Similar ;  with  a  scroll- 
like mark,  perhaps  a  shell. 

Similar ;  with  obscure 
marks,  perhaps  indicating 
a  seated  figure. 

Similar  to  No.  6. 

Seated  figure  obscurely 
indicated. 


As  obv. 
Similar. 
Ditto. 

Slight  protuberance, 
blank  (B.,  p.  37,  PI.  I,  Fig. 
1  ;  '  probably  belongs  to 
first  or  second  century  of 
the  Christian  era '). 

Indentations  in  centre 
(PI.  XXX,  16). 

As  Nos.  1-4. 


Faint  traces  of  (?)  legend. 
Uncertain  marks. 


B.    PADMA  TANK  AS  or  LOTUS  PIECES  ^ 


58-7 
•73 


Concave,  cup-shaped ; 
seven-petalled  lotus  flower 
on  bottom  of  cup  ;  on  the 
sides  obscure  symbols  and 


Blank. 


1  Date  uncertain,  but  considerably  later  than  the  fifth  or  sixth  century,  to  which 
Elliot  assigned  these  coins  (C.  S.  I.,  p.  66).     See  /.  C,  sect.  131. 


318 


WESTERN   AND   SOUTHERN   INDIA 


Serial 

Metal, 

No. 

Museum 

Weight, 
Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

legend,  ^ri  irl  Rama,  in  a 

form   of  Nagarl  script :    a 

two-pronged  weapon  below 

the  legend  ^rl  Rama. 

2 

IJI. 

A^            58 
•7 

Similar.       Legend,    ^n 
Rama,  with  a  weapon  be- 
low it. 

Ditto. 

3 

)) 

AT         58 
•66 

Similar,  but  the  weapon 
is  a  sword. 

Ditto  (PI.  XXX, 

17). 

4 

)> 

N         58 
•75 

As  No.  3. 

As  No.  3. 

5 

j> 

N      59-2 
•68 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

6 

>5 

N      58-7 
.62X-55 

Similar  ;      no     legend  ; 
worn. 

Ditto. 

a    GAJAPATI  OR  ELEPHANT  PAGODA,  (?)  of  Orissa, 

(?)  THIRTEENTH   CENTURY 


l.M. 


N 


57-5 
•52 


Elephant  standing  r. ; 
symbol  or  character  in  front 
of  him. 


A  scroll  device,  possibly 
intended  either  for  foliage 
or  a  peacock's  tail  (PI. 
XXX,  18).^ 


I).    The  so-called  LINGAYAT  PAGODA,  (?)  fourteenth  century' 


IM. 


N 


N 


base 

5L3 

•45 

base 

27 

•35 


Obscure  device,  a  heart- 
shaped  figure  with  project- 
ing lines  and  pellet. 

Similar  ;  (?)  snake  on  the 
heart-shaped  object. 


Obscure ;    in    bad    con- 
dition. 

Ditto ;    ditto ;    a    half- 
pagoda. 


* 


LM. 


VII.     INDO-EUROPEAN 

1 .     Indo-Portuguese 
Reign  of  DONNA  MARIA  I,  1777-99  a.d. 

Oold 


N 


75 
•82 


N 


75 
•75 


The  arms  of  Portugal. 


Similar. 


Cross  of  St.  Thomas ;  in 
1.  upper  angle  12;  in  r. 
upper  angle  X  ;  in  lower 
angles  17  and  85  (Th.,  No. 
18  of  Portuguese  Catal.; 
Tu.,  p.  40,  PI.  Ill,  38). 

Similar ;  less  well  pre- 
served, unit  of  date  un- 
certain. 


*  B.,  p.  40.     These  coins  are  frequently  forged,  but  I  do  not  see  any  special  reason  to 
doubt  the  genuineness  of  this  specimen. 
'  B.,  p.  40. 


GAJAPATI   PAGODA— EAST   INDIA   COMPANY         319 


Serial 

No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Keverse 


2.     Indo-French  of  Pondicherry 


I.M. 


M      22-7 
•43X-36 


Three  fleurs-de-lis. 


Obscure  device,  (?)  crown 
(Tu.,  p.  44,  Fig.  45). 


3.     Anglo-Indian 
CHAKLES  II,  1660-85  a.d. 

Silver 


Standing  deity  (Vishnu). 
(PI.  XXX,  19;  Th.,  E.i.C. 
Catal.,p.  109,  PI.  XI,  11.) 

Similar. 

Similar,  but  thicker. 
Ditto ;  ditto. 


Similar  to  obv.  (Attribu- 
tion doubtful;  PI.  XXX, 
20.) 

EAST  INDIA  COMPANY,  and  possibly  other  Powers 

Gold 

'  Star  pagoda'  type 

Standing    Vishnu,    star 


I.M. 

M 

29-3 
•38 

Two  linked  C's. 

5? 

M 

28-4 
4 

Similar. 

)> 

M 

28-1 
•35 

Similar. 

)> 

M 

14-6 
•3 

Similar. 

Copper 

I.M. 

M 

65-5 

Two  C's  not  linked;  traces 

•72 

of  vernacular   legend  not 
read. 

I.3I. 


N 


52-8 
•4 


M 


106-8 
•87 


I.M. 


N 


Af 


106-8 

-87 


above  head. 


Vishnu  seated  cross- 
legged  on  pedestal ;  r.  hand 
on  r.  knee  ;  1.  hand  on  ab- 
domen ;  star  above  head ; 
oblique  milling. 


Ditto. 


Five-rayed  star  on  granu- 
lated surface  (PI.  XXX,  21. 
The  '  Madras  old  star  pa- 
goda ',  struck  either  by  the 
Nawab  of  theCarnatic  after 
1766  or  in  the  early  days 
of  the  E.  I.  Co.  See  Th., 
^./.C.Ca^,pp.  13, 14,107, 
P1.XI,3;  B.,  p.  51, Fig.  23). 

Five-rayed  star  in  dotted 
circle  on  plain,  polished 
surface.  (Double  pagoda,  in 
mint  state,  probably  struck 
as  a  pattern,  and  never 
issued.  The  B.  M.  has  two 
specimens.) 

Ditto. 


Three-swdmi '  type,  flat  form 


53 
•5 


The 


god 


Venkatesvara 


and  his  twowives  standing. 


Granulated  (PI.  XXX, 
22;  Th.,E.I.O.Cat.,FLXI, 
1  ;  B.,  PI.  Ill,  19). 


320 


WESTERN   AND   SOUTHERN   INDIA 


Serial 
No 

Museum 

Motal, 
Weight, 

Obvorso 

Reverse 

Size 

2 

I.M. 

N         53 
•5 

As  No.  1. 

As  No.  1. 

3 

>> 

M      51-9 

•47 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

4 

?j 

N         53 
•52 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

5 

9J 

M      52-7 
•48 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

2 
3 
4 
6 

1 
2 


/.iJ/. 


/..I/. 


7.3/. 


/.J/. 


I.M. 


Three-swami '  type,  thick,  convex  form 


N 

N 
N 
M 
N 

M 
N 

M 


52^6 
•45 

52-5 

•45 
51-5 

•45 
52^5 

•  48 
52-5 

•45 


52-5 

•42 

63 

•45 

53 
•46 


M 


N 


53 
•45 


Deity  with  his  two  wives 
standing,  the  latter  being 
indistinct. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Four-armed  deity  type 

Rudely   executed    deity, 
apparently  four-armed. 
Ditto. 

Standing  deity  type 

Standing  deity  (Vishnu) 
with  symbols. 


Ditto. 


Siva  and  Pdrvatl  type 
53  I      Siva  and  Parvatl  seated. 


M    160.8 


Silver 

In  central  circle,  .^Oj^uram 
of  temple  (pagoda).  Le- 
gends on  margin,  in  Eng- 
lish, QUARTER  PAGODA, and 

in  Persian  character,  pdo 
phuli  hun,  '  quarter  of  a 
phiili  hun.' 


Granulated. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 


Granulated    (PI.   XXX, 
23). 
Ditto. 


Granulated  (PI.  XXX, 
24.  This  is  the  '  Porto- 
novo  '  type,  struck  first  by 
the  Dutch,  and  imitated  by 
the  English;  B.,p.  51;  Th., 
E.  I.  C.  Cat.,  PI.  XI,  2). 

Ditto. 


Granulated,  with  obscure 
device  imposed. 

In  central  circle,  Vishnu 
standing,  rudely  executed, 
surrounded  by  pellets 
(stars)  ;  with  oblique  mill- 
ing. (The  *  Madras  quarter 
pagoda';  Th.,  E.  J. C.  Cat., 
p.  114,  No.  71,  PI.  XIV,  2.) 


EAST   INDIA   COMPANY  —  SUNDRY   COINS 


321 


Museum 


Obyerse 


Reverse 


I.M. 


M 
M 


163^3 

13^3 

.47 


Similar,  with  slight  va- 
riations. 

In  central  circle,  falam 
in  Persian  character;  on 
margin,  fanam. 


I.M. 


Copper  (?  brass) 

M 

32 
•43 

As  gold  '  star  pagoda '. 

^ 

39-7 
•45 

Ditto. 

Similar,  with  slight  va- 
riations. 

In  central  circle,  Ruka 
(Telugu);  on  margin,  Pa- 
nam  (Tamil),  and  a  star; 
oblique  milling.  (The 'Ma- 
dras fanam ' ;  Th.,  E.  I.  C. 
Cat.,  p.  115,  No.  80,  PI. 
XIV,  5.) 

As  gold  '  star  pagoda '. 
Ditto. 


VIII.     SUNDRY   COINS,  not  assigned 

Gold 


I.M. 


I.M. 


N 
N 

5-2 
•21 
0^7 
•32 

'Broad  arrow'  Vaishnava 
mark. 

Gold  flake  stamped  with 
obscure  legend. 

Copper 

Interlaced  lines;  a  fa- 
nam. 

Blank ;  probably  a  ni.sdr 
or  largess  piece. 

M 

37 
•  42 

34^5 
•45 

Vijaya,  'victory,'  in  ap- 
parently Kanarese  charac- 
ters. 

Ditto. 

Seated  deity.  A  thick 
coin  said  to  be  of  Pudukota 
State. 

Ditto. 

M 

55 

•48 

13-6 

•  31 

13 

•4 

10 

•4 

5^7 

•27 

64 

•48 

17 

•  4 

Elephant     r.     between 
lines. 

Legend,  not  read. 

Sri  in  Nagarl  script. 

A  form  of  cross  in  square ; 
thick. 

St.  Andrew's  cross  in 
square. 

Blank. 

M 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Legend,  not  read. 
Ditto. 

Legend,    not    read;     a 
copper  fanam. 
Obscure  device. 

M 

Lion  1.,  copied  from  the 
E.I.  Company  rupee;   1834 
in  English  figures. 

In   Persian  script,  zarb 
('  struck  ')  zdr ;  characters 
in  a  southern  alphabet. 

Section   XXII 

THE    KINGDOMS    OF  YIJAYANAGAR 

AND    MYSORE 

INTRODUCTION 

The  most  convenient  abstract  of  the  history  of  the  kingdom  of 
Vijayanagar  will  be  found  in  Sewell's  Lists,  vol.  ii,  p.  243,  and  fuller 
information  is  given  in  the  same  author's  work,  A  Forgotten  Empire. 
The  First  Dynasty  is  represented  in  the  catalogue  by  five  coins,  two 
of  Harihara  II  and  three  of  Deva  Eaya  II.  Krishna  deva  Raya  of  the 
Second  Dynasty  (1509-30  a.  d.)  is  traditionally  held  to  have  been  'one 
of  the  greatest  monarchs  that  ever  ruled  the  country'.  Fourteen  of 
his  gold  coins  are  catalogued,  the  attribution  of  one  being  doubtful. 
The  next  king,  Achyuta,  was  either  a  brother  or  son  of  Krishna  deva. 
The  two  specimens  of  his  coinage  have  the  reverse  device  of  a  double- 
headed  eagle  monster  (ganda  bherunda).  I  think  it  desirable,  contrary 
to  the  practice  of  previous  writers,  to  call  the  mythological  side  of 
these  coins  the  reverse,  and  to  designate  as  the  obverse  the  side  bearing 
the  kings  name.  The  next  king,  Sadasiva,  who  succeeded  as  an  infant 
in  1542,  seems  to  have  been  a  son  of  Achyuta.  Two  coins  are  cata- 
logued under  his  name,  of  which  No.  2  is  certainly  his,  but  No.  1  may 
belong  to  an  homonymous  chief  of  Ikkeri. 

The  coinage  of  the  Third  Dynasty  is  very  poorly  represented. 
Eama  Raja,  to  whom  four  coins  are  attributed,  was  killed  in  1565  a.  d. 
at  the  battle  of  Talikota,  which  ruined  the  kingdom  of  Vijayanagar ; 
although  descendants  of  the  royal  house  continued  to  rule  as  petty 
chiefs  for  some  time  longer.  Three  coins  bearing  the  name  of  Venka- 
tesvara  belons:  to  one  or  other  of  these  chiefs,  about  1600  A.  D. 

The  best  account  of  the  Vijayanagar  coinage  is  that  given  by 
Prof.  Hultzsch  in  the  article  entitled  'The  Coins  of  the  Kings  of 
Vijayanagara  '  {Ind.  Ant.,  \ol.  xx  (1891),  p.  301,  with  two  plates).  The 
author  gives  full  references  to  earlier  publications.  In  Ind.  Ant., 
vol.  XXV,  p.  318,  Prof.  Hultzsch  has  published  '  the  only  silver  coin 
of  the  Vijayanagara   kings    that   has   hitherto   come    to   light'.      The 


INTRODUCTION 


323 


numerous  copper  coins  of  the  series  are  not  represented  in  the  very 
poor  collection  now  catalogued. 

The  kingdom  of  Mysore  grew  out  of  the  wreck  of  the  kingdom  of 
Vijayanagar.  The  catalogue  includes  only  one  specimen  of  the  coinage 
of  the  early  Hindu  Rajas,  a  '  Kanteroy  fanam '  of  Raja  Kamthirava 
(1628-58  A.  D.).  The  extensive  coinage  of  Mysore  during  the  reigns  of 
Haidar  *Ali  and  his  son  Tipu,  the  Muhammadan  conquerors  or  usurpers, 
is  represented  in  the  Indian  Museum  only  by  a  few  odds  and  ends. 
A  full  discussion  of  the  Mysore  coinage  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Thurston's 
catalogue  of  the  Mysore  coins  in  the  Madras  Museum  (Madras,  Govern- 
ment Press,  1888). 


CATALOGUE 
KINGDOM    OF   YIJAYANAGAR 


FIRST  DYNASTY 


N 

0.  III.    H 

1 

IJI. 

N  26-7 
•42 

i 

2 

)> 

N  26 
•42 

Gold 
HARIHARA  II,  about  1379-1406  a.  D. 


Three- line  Nagarl  le- 
gend, (1)  Sri  Pra  (2)  tdpa 
Hart  (3)  hara. 

Ditto. 


God  and  goddess  seated 
(PI.  XXX,  25);  C.S./.,Nos. 
96,  97). 

Ditto. 


No.  VI.     DEVA  RAYA  n,  about  1422-47  a.d. 


1 

IJI. 

N 

52 
-45 

2 

J5 

N 

52-2 
.45 

3 

5) 

N 

52 
.44 

Three-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 
Pra  (2)  tdpa  deva  (3)  rdya. 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 


God  and  goddess  seated 
(PI.  XXX,  26). 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 


SECOND   DYNASTY 

Gold 
No.  V.    KRISHNA  DEVA  RAYA,  1509-30  a.  d. 


I.M. 

N 

51-2 

Three-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 

•6 

Praia  (2)  pa  Krishna  (3) 
rail  a. 

Y    2 

Seated     deity ;     a    flat, 
broad  coin. 


324    THE   KINGDOMS   OF   VIJAYANAGAR  AND   MYSORE 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

2 

IJI. 

N 

50-8 
•56 

Similar. 

Similar ;  the  deity  of 
both  these  coins  seems  to 
be  female  ;  a  '  Durgi  pa- 
goda '. 

3 

5> 

M 

50-6 

•5 

52 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  butalittlethicker. 

4 

>> 

N 

Ditto. 

,  Ditto  ;  deity  seems  to  be 

•48 

male,  Vishnu,  with  (?)  dis- 
cus and  conch. 

6 

>> 

N 

49-8 
•45 

Ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto;  fromTan- 
jore. 

6 

}} 

N 

51-8 
•48 

Ditto. 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

7 

5> 

N 

51-6 
•46 

Ditto  ;  rdya  wantiug. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

8 

>» 

N 

51-6 
•46 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto  ;  deity  seems  to  be 
female. 

9 

A.S.B. 

N 

52 

•45 

Ditto. 

Ditto  ;  deity  male. 

10 

I.M. 

N 

26 
•4 

Ditto. 

God  and  goddess  seated 
(PI.  XXX,  27). 

11 

» 

N 

25-9 
•38 

Legend  as  usual. 

Seated  deity,Vishnu  with 
shell  (PI.  XXX,  28)! 

12 

5> 

N 

25-9 
•  32 

Ditto. 

Deity,  worn ;  probably 
seated. 

13 

)> 

N 

52 
•45 

Ditto. 

Seated  deity,  worn. 

14 

)} 

N 

52-8 

No   legend ;    horizontal 

Seated    deity,    probably 

•5 

bands  across  coin. 

Vishnu.  (Attribution  ne- 
cessarily doubtful ;  see  B., 
/.^.S.£.,PartI,Pl.II,12.) 

No.  VI.    ACHYUTA  RAYA,  1530-42  a.  d. 


I.M. 


A.S.B. 


N 

52-2 

•41 

N 

26 

•43 

Three-line  legend,  diffi- 
cult to  read,  (1)  Sri  Pra  (2) 
tdpdchyuta  (3)  rdya. 


Similar;  mostly  defaced. 


Double-headed  eagle- 
monster  (ganda  bherunda), 
holding  up  elephants  in  its 
beaks  and  claws  (PI.  XXX, 
29;  B.jNo.  10a;  Hultzsch, 
No.  29,  /.  A.,  XX,  p.  306). 

Similar;  in  bad  con- 
dition ;  from  Amraoti  in 
Berar ;  a  half-pagoda. 


I.M. 


No. 


VII. 

53 
•43 


SADASIVA  RAYA,  1542-73  a.  D 

Three-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 

(2)  Saddsi  [with  dental  5] 

(3)  va  r[aya]  (Hultzsch). 


God  and  goddess  seated 
(PI.  XXX,  30  ;  the  '  Ikkeri 
pagoda ',  which  may  have 
been  struck  by  '  Sadasiva, 
the  tirst  Nayaka  of  Ikkeri'; 
Hultzsch,  p.  307). 


PLATE    XXX 


^^      ^N> 


/R 


.-»^^ti 


N 


It 


^^^ 


A/ 


/R 


19 


N 


26 


A/ 


28 


ft 


N 


29 


;^.^^ 


^ 


A/ 


30 


33        N 


-        N       ^iv 
34 


WESTERN    AND    SOUTHERN    INDIA 

VIJAYANAGAR,    MYSORE 


ACHYUTA   RAYA  — RAJA   KAMTHIRAVA 


325 


Serial 

No. 

Museum 

Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

2 

I.M. 

N      ring 
•5 

Three-line  legend,  (1)  ^rl 
Praia  (2)  [^pa]  SaddSi  (3) 
\_va  rmja]. 

God  and  goddess  seated; 
worn.    (This  coin  certainly 
belongs  to  the  Vijayanagar 
king;    C.  S.  L,  No.    100; 
Hultzsch,  No.  32.) 

2 
3 

+4 


2 


IM. 


I.M. 


N 


M 


THIRD   DYNASTY 

Gold 
RAMA  RAJA,  died  1565  a.  d. 


A^ 

26 

•4 

N 

52-6 

•45 

N 

25-1 

•42 

N 

26 

•  4 

Three-line  legend  in  cor- 
rupt script,  read  as  (1)  ^rl 
Ram  (2)  Raja  Ram  (3)  Ram 
Raja. 

Similar ;  legend  much 
defaced. 

(?)  Similar;  legenddoubt- 
ful. 

As  No.  1. 


Vishnu  standing  under 
a  canopy.  (The  '  Gandikota 
pagoda';  PI.  XXX,  31;  B., 
No.  16.) 

Similar. 


no  ca- 
doubt- 


Standing  deity ; 
nopy ;  attribution 
ful. 

As  No.  1  ;  apparently  a 
forgery.  ('  Forged  modern 
ones  are  quite  common',  B., 
p.  47.) 


VENKATESVARA,  about  1600  a.d. 


5L6 
•43 


oval 

51-6 

•5x-4 

N      51-5 

•45 


Three-line  legend, {\)&n 
Venka  (2)  teivard  (3)  {ya 
namah),  '  worship  to  Ven- 
katesvara.* 

Similar. 


Ditto. 


Vishnu  standing  under 
arch(Pl.'XXX,32;  Hultzsch, 
No.  35;  C.  S. /.,  No.  105; 
B.,  No.  15). 

Similar. 


Ditto ;    arch   or  canopy 
wanting  ;  a  coarse  coin. 


I.M. 


KINGDOM    OF    MYSORE 

RAJA  KAMTHIRAVA,  1638-58  a.d. 
Gold 


N 


5-5 
•3 


Telugu three-line  legend, 
imperfect,  (1)  Sri  (2)  Kaih- 
thl  (3)  rava. 


Deity,  said  to  be  the 
Narasimha  avatar  of  Vish- 
nu. (The  Kamthlrava  or 
'  Kanteroy  '  fanam,  the  first 
issue;  PI.  XXX,  33;  Ind. 
Ant.,  XX,  p.  309 ;  Th.,  My- 
sore Cat.,  p.  8,  PI.  I,  1,  2.) 


326    THE   KINGDOMS   OF   VIJAYANAGAR   AND   MYSORE 


Serial 
No. 

Museum 

Metal, 
\Voit,'lit, 

Size 

Obverse 

Reverse 

1 
2 

NAWAB  SAFDAR  'ATJ  KHAN,  died  1741  a.  d. 

I.M.      N         —        Granulated  surface,  with        Three    deities    standing 
•45   Arabic  letter  a/n,  c.              (C.  S.  I.,  p.  144). 
N                   Ditto.                   ^                  Ditto. 
•45 

I.M. 


I.M. 


HAIDAR  'ALi,  died  Dec.  1782  a.d. 
Gold 


1 

I.M. 

N 

52-5 
•4 

Granulated  surface,  with 
Arabic  letter  h,  —. 

2 

5> 

N 

53 
•  45 

Ditto. 

3 

» 

N 

53 
.46 

Ditto. 

4 

»J 

N 

52-7 
•45 

Ditto. 

Siva  with  trident,  Par- 
vatl  with  antelope,  seated  ; 
sun  and  moon  above  (Bidie, 
No.  27;  Thurston,  p.  10). 

Ditto;  fromWandewash. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


TlPtJ  (TIPPOO)  SULTAN,  died  1799  a.d. 

Copper 


M 


82 
•75 


Elephant  walking  r.;  a- 
bove  date  1222  {scil.  of 
Mauludl  era,  read  from  r. 
to  1.  =  1793-4  A.D.).i 


Arabic  legend,  zarh  pa- 
tan  Bahrain, '  struck  at  city 
Bahram,'  scil.  Seringapa- 
tam. 


N 


KRISHNA  RAJA,  1799-1868  a.d. 
Gold 

Siva  and  ParvatT,  with 
trident  and  antelope  (PI. 
XXX,  34). 


53 
•42 


Three-line  Nagarl  legend, 
(1)  ^rl  (2)  Krishna  Rd  (3) 
ja. 


'  The  Mauludl  era  is  reckoned  from  the  reputed  date  of  Muhammad's  birth. 


Section   XXIII 
THE  MEDIAEVAL  COINAGE  OF  CEYLON 

INTRODUCTION 

The  mediaeval  history  of  Ceylon  having  been  recorded  by  the 
native  chroniclers  in  considerable  detail  with  reasonably  close  attention 
to  chronological  accuracy,  and  having  been  made  readily  accessible  to 
European  readers  in  many  modern  books,  no  difficulty  is  felt  ordinarily 
in  assigning  the  extant  coins  to  the  proper  kings  and  approximately 
to  correct  dates.  Exact  years  cannot  be  determined  because  no  coin 
is  dated.  The  only  doubt  in  the  attribution  of  the  coins  occurs  in  the 
case  of  those  bearing  the  name  of  Vijaya  Bahu.  Several  kings  of  that 
name  ruled  in  the  latter  years  of  the  twelfth  century  and  during  the 
thirteenth,  to  any  one  of  whom  the  coins  might  be  assigned ;  but  they 
are  attributed  usually  to  Vijaya  Bahu  II,  nephew  of  the  great  Para- 
krama  Bahu,  and  this  attribution  has  been  followed  in  the  catalogue. 

The  known  coins  extend  over  a  period  of  nearly  a  century  and 
a  half,  beginning  with  Parakrama  Bahu  (1153-86),  and  ending  with 
Bhuvanaika  Bahu  who  came  to  the  throne  in  1296  A.  D.  They  are  all 
substantially  identical  in  type,  and  are  copies  of  the  coinage  of  the 
powerful  Chola  king,  Rajaraja,  who  reigned  on  the  mainland  from  985 
to  1011  A.  D.  The  generals  of  Parakrama  Bahu  invaded  Southern  India 
in  or  about  the  year  1175,  and  it  may  be  assumed  with  a  high  degree 
of  probability  that  the  Ceylonese  imitations  of  the  Chola  coinage  are  all 
subsequent  to  that  date.  No  coins  are  extant  of  eight  of  the  series  of 
sixteen  rulers  beginning  with  Parakrama  and  ending  with  Bhuvanaika. 

The  small  collection  now  catalogued  includes  specimens  of  the 
copper  coinage  of  six  of  the  eight  sovereigns  whose  coins  are  known, 
but  the  rare  issues  of  Nissanka  Malla  (1187-96)  and  Chodaganga 
(1196-7)  are  not  represented  in  it,  nor  are  there  any  examples  of  the 
limited  gold  and  silver  coinage.  The  existence  of  a  silver  coinage, 
ignored  in  Professor  Rhys  Davids'  book,  has  been  fully  proved  by 
Mr.  Lowsley,  who  collected  numerous  genuine  specimens.  Parakrama 
Bahu,  when  his  armies  invaded  Southern  India,  evidently  was  impressed 
by  the  huge  amoi  nt  of  Rajaraja's  coinage  in  copper.     Sir  Walter  Elliot 


328  TFIE   MEDIAEVAL   COINAGE   OF   CEYLON 

observes : — '  Copper  pieces,  the  more  perfect  specimens  weighing  from 
50  to  60  grains,  bearing  the  name  of  Raja  Raja,  are  met  with  every 
day.  They  are  brought  in  numbers  to  be  melted  up  by  the  copper- 
smiths, and  one  find  within  my  own  knowledge  in  Tanjore  yielded 
upwards  of  4,000^'  (G.S.I.,^.  133).  The  Ceylonese  monarch  exactly 
copied  the  proceedings  of  his  model  and  issued  immense  quantities  of 
copper  coin,  but  comparatively  little  of  silver  and  gold.  The  type 
introduced  by  Rajaraja  is  characterized  by  a  very  peculiar  image  of 
the  king  standing  on  the  obverse,  and  a  grotesque  monkey-like  seated 
figure  on  the  reverse.  The  legend  in  contemporary  Nagari  script  is 
on  the  reverse.  These  characteristics,  evidently  of  northern  origin, 
and  ultimately  traceable,  through  the  Gupta  and  Kushan  coinage,  to 
Greek  models,  were  faithfully  reproduced  by  Parakrama  Bahu  and  his 
successors. 

The  standard  coin  in  this  style  was  the  mdska  or  massa  of  about 
70  grains ;  and  most  of  the  extant  examples  in  all  metals  are  massas. 
The  subdivisional  pieces  are  scarce  or  rare,  as  also  are  the  double 
nuasaas.  The  twenty-five  coins  catalogued  and  twelve  excluded  dupli- 
cates are  all  massas,  except  one  small  worn  piece  of  Parakrama  Bahu, 
which  now  weighs  only  8|  grains,  but  may  have  been  intended  for 
a  quarter-?7iassa.  The  octagonal  massa  of  Queen  Lilavati  (PI.  XXXI,  5) 
is  not  mentioned  in  the  books,  and  seems  to  be  unique. 

The  first  intelligible,  although  imperfect,  account  of  these  Ceylonese 
coins  was  given  by  Prinsep  (Essays,  ed.  Thomas,  vol.  i,  PI.  XXXV j. 
They  are  briefly  noticed  by  Elliot  (C  S.  I.,  pp.  108-10),  and  have  been 
treated  at  considerable  length  by  Prof.  Rhys  Davids  ('  Ancient  Coins 
and  Measures  of  Ceylon',  in  Intern.  Num.  Or.,  London,  Triibner, 
1877).  But  Pi'of.  Rhys  Davids'  account  requires  numerous  correc- 
tions and  additions,  which  have  been  supplied  by  Mr.  B.  Lowsley  in 
a  valuable  essay  entitled  '  Coins  and  Tokens  of  Ceylon'  (Num.  Chron., 
1895,  p.  211,  PL  VIII).  Abstracts  of  the  history  of  the  period  will  be 
found  in  Prof.  Rhys  Davids'  work,  Emerson  Tennant's  Ceylon,  and  in 
many  other  books  easily  accessible. 

'  Tanjore  was  the  Chola  capital. 


PARAKRAMA   BAHU  —  Ll  LAV  ATI 


329 


CATALOGUE 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Obverse 


Reverse 


A.S.B. 


M 


A.S.B.  \JE 


J' 


JE 
JE 


PARAKRAMA  BAHU,  1153-86  a.  d. 


60 

•8 


Rude  figure  of  king 
standing  facing,  with  the 
folds  of  his  waist-cloth 
hanging  down  at  each  side; 
his  1.  hand  raised  holds  a 
flower,  and  below  to  r.  is 
a  branch;  his  r.  hand  holds 
a  weapon  or  symbol,  which 
may  be  described  as  a  mace 
with  four  hooks. 


M 

65 

Similar. 

•8 

JE 

65 

•78 

Ditto. 

^ 

65 

•78 

Ditto. 

M 

8^5 
•4 

Ditto  ;  defaced 

Grotesque  monkey-like 
seated  figure  with  1,  arm 
raised  ;  below  that  arm,  in 
four  lines,  the  legend,  (1) 
^rl  (2)  Para  (3)  krama  (4) 
bdhu  (PI.  XXXI,  1). 


Similar. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

No  deyice ;  three-line 
legend,  (1)  ^r'l  (2)  Pardkra 
(3)  ma  bdhu  (Pi.  XXXI,  2). 


VIJAYA  BAHU,  1186-7  a.d. 


54-7 
•78 


65-3 

•78 
65-5 

•78 

65^6 

•8 

65^5 

•77 


As  on  coins  of  Parakrama 
Bahu. 


Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


As  on  coins  of  Parakra- 
ma, substituting  name  Vi- 
jaya,  (l)^rZ(2)>ya(3)?ya 
&a  (4)  hu  (PI.  XXXI,  3). 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Queen  LILAVATI,  1197-1200  and  again  1209  a.d. 


A.S.B. 


M 


M 


65-1 
•83 


65-2 
•8 


As  oncoins  of  Parakrama 
Bahu. 


Ditto. 


Device  as  on  coins  of 
Parakrama.  Legend,  (1) 
&ri  (2)  Raja  (3)  Lild  (4) 
van  (PI.  XXXI,  4). 

Ditto. 


330 


TTTE   MEDIAEVAL   COINAGE   OF   CEYLON 


Serial 

No. 


3 
4 


6 


Museum 


A.S.li. 


Mo  till, 

Woiglit, 

Size 


Obvorso 


Reverse 


^3 


G2-2 

•  83 

41 -2 

■79 


oct. 

r)2-4 

.75 


Similar  to  No.  1, 
Ditto. 


Ditto. 


Similar  to  No.  1. 

Ditto ;  rude  and  worn. 
('  Soiiu!  of  the  massas  are 
rather  roughly  struck,  and 
these  are  worn',  Num. 
Chron.,  1895,  p.  221.) 

As  No.  1  (PI.  XXXI,  5  ; 
this  octagonal  variety  is 
unpublisheil). 


SAHASA  MALLA,  1200-2  a.d. 


A.S.n. 


2 

8 

4 
6 


1     A.S.B. 


JE 

G5-3 

•84 

JE 

G5-G 

•  82 

JE 

65-9 

•8 

JE 

G4-7 

•8 

.E 

64-5 

•8 

As  oncoius  of  Parakrama 
Bahu. 


Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Device  as  on  coins  of 
Parakrama.  Legend,  (1) 
^rl  (2)  mat  Sa  (3)  hasa  (4) 
malla. 

Ditto  (PI   XXXI,  G). 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 


DHARMA^OKA  DEVA,  1208-9  a.d. 


JE      G2-2 
•8 


As  on  coins  of  Parakrama 
Bahu. 


Device  as  on  coins  of 
Parakrama.  Legend,  (1) 
^rl  (2)  l)ha\  rynmd-  (3)  Soka 
(4)  deva  (PI.  XXXI,  7). 


BHUVANAIKA  BAHU,  1296  a.d. 


1 

A.S.B. 

JE 

GG-8 
•  79 

As  on  coins  of  Parakrama 
Bahu. 

2 

»> 

iE 

63 

•78 

Ditto. 

8 

>> 

JE 

GG-l 

.77 

Ditto. 

4 

» 

JE 

G7 
•77 

Ditto. 

Device  as  on  coins  of 
Parakrama.  Legend,  (1) 
^rl  (2)  lihlu]va  (3)  naika 
(4)  hahu  (PI.  XXXI,  8). 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Ditto. 


Section    XXIV 
COINS   OF   ARAKAN   AND   OTHERS 

INTRODUCTION 

The  few  coins  described  in  this  section  hardly  can  claim  a  rightful 
place  in  this  catalogue,  but,  having  been  sent  to  me,  must  be  disposed 
of.  The  little  that  appears  to  be  known  about  the  history  and  coinage 
of  Arakan  has  been  published  by  Sir  Arthur  Phayre  in  his  treatise 
entitled  'Coins  of  Arakan,  of  Pegu,  and  of  Burma'  (Intern.  Numi.  Or., 
London,  Trubner,  1882). 

The  silver  coins  with  the  effigy  of  a  recumbent  bull  and  Nagarl 
legends  are  referred  to  the  '  Chandra '  dynasty,  supposed  to  have 
reigned  between  788  and  957  A.  d.  Coins  of  this  type  arc  found  buried 
in  the  ground  and  among  old  ruins  in  various  parts  of  Arakan.  Several 
were  presented  to  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  and  have  been  described 
in  the  Society's  Journal,  but  those  specimens,  if  still  preserved,  have 
not  been  submitted  to  me.  The  examples  now  described  all  belong  to 
the  Indian  Museum  cabinet,  and  there  is  no  record  of  their  provenance. 
No.  1,  with  the  legend  Sri  ^Iva^ya  (?  Glvasya),  is  not  noticed  by  Phayre. 
The  two  thick  silver  coins,  Nos.  8  and  9,  are  No.  22  of  Phayre's 
Plate  II,  and  were  struck  in  the  year  1144  of  the  Arakanese  era, 
equivalent  to  1782  A.  d.,  by  Maha  Samada  Raja,  the  last  king  of  Arakan, 
prior  to  the  conquest  of  the  country  by  the  Burmese,  who  were  com- 
pelled to  cede  it  to  the  Indian  Government  by  the  treaty  of  Yandaboo 
in  1826.  These  coins  have  no  device,  and  the  obverse  legend  is 
repeated,  letter  for  letter,  on  the  reverse. 

The  coins  which  I  am  unable  to  assign  precisely  include  a  little 
bronze  coin  of  Cambodia,  supposed  to  date  from  the  eighteenth  century. 
Mr.  Rodgers  has  recorded  the  odd  fact  that  it  was  obtained  at  Kangra 
in  the  Panjab.  Possibly  it  may  have  been  brought  there  by  a  Sikh 
policeman  returning  from  Bangkok.  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  Rapson 
for  identifying  this  piece  as  Cambodian.  The  'symbolical'  coin  from 
Burma  differs  from  all  of  those  published  by  Phayre.  I  am  unable  to 
read  the  legends  on  certain  inscribed  coins.  The  characters  on  Nos.  1 
and  3  are  Nagarl,  but  I  cannot  make  sense  of  them,  while  the  script  on 


332 


COINS   OF   ARAKAN   AND   OTHERS 


Nos.  2  and  4  is  wholly  unknown  to  me.  Nos.  7  and  8  are  supposed 
to  be  Tibetan.  I  cannot  make  any  suggestion  about  No.  9,  which  bears 
the  legend  Jajjapurd  (or  -purl). 


CATALOGUE 


ARAKAN 


Serial 

No. 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Early  thin  coins,  silver;  eighth  to  tenth  centuries 

^Ri  SIVA 


I.M. 


M    103-7 
1-2 


Recumbent  humped  bull 
I., with  wreath  round  neck; 
above,  Nagari  legend,  Sri 
^ivasya,  or  possibly  Giva- 
sya. 

YARIKRIYA 


A  trident-like  ornament, 
defaced,  with  large  crescent, 
and  also  sun  and  moon 
above  (PI.  XXXI,  9). 


2 

I.M. 

M 

113-2 

Similar.     Legend,  Ydri- 

Trident,  with   garlands 

1-12 

kriya. 

hanging  from  it  (Thomas)  ; 
sun  and  moon  above. 

3 

>j 

M 

111-9 
1-12 

Ditto ;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

4 

>) 

M 

1-07 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

5 

j> 

B. 

1-12 

Ditto;  ditto. 

Ditto;  ditto. 

6 

>> 

M 

114-2 
1-07 

Ditto;  ditto. 

PRlTI 

Ditto  ;  ditto  (PI.  XXXI, 
10). 

7 

I.M. 

M 

24 

•67 

Similar.     Legend,  Pflti. 

Similar(Pl.  XXXI,  11). 

Late  thick  coins,  silver ;  eighteenth  century 
MAHA  SAMADA  RAJA,  last  king  of  Arakan,  1782-4  a.  d. 


8 


9 


LM. 


M 


146-2 
M 


M      loop 


Four-line  legend,  in  a 
form  of  (?)  Pali  character, 
(1)  1144  (2)  Shive  nan  sa- 
icheng  (3)  mahd  Sama  (4) 
da  rdjd, '  Lord  of  the  golden 
palace,  Maha  Samada  Ra- 
ja.'    The  date  =1782  A.D. 

Ditto. 


Four-line  legend  exactly 
as  on  ohv.  (PI.  XXXI,  12; 
Phayre,p.lO,Pl.  II,No.  22). 


Ditto. 


PLATE     XXXI 


"iSil: 


/E 


,<^^^m 


fe4ily.'^    lav        " 


CEYLON,  ARAKAN   AND   OTHERS 


SRi   SIVA  —  UNASSIGNED   BRASS 


333 


SUNDRY   COINS 


Serial 
No. 


Museum 


Metal, 

Weight, 

Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


1 

I.M. 

2 

J> 

3 

» 

4 

J' 

M 


M 


M 


M 


167 
1-03 


1614 
M 

164 
•9 

163 
1-1 


Unassigned  silver 

Five-line  legend,  (1)  Sri 
iri  va  (2)  vijaya  na  (3) 
malathagrd  (?)  (4)  maba- 
laia  (?)  «a(5)  1442. 

Slightly  concave,  with 
irregular  legend  in  charac- 
ters not  read. 

Four-line  Nagarl  legend 
in  square,  not  read. 

Unintelligible  rude  cha- 
racters. 


Four-line  legend  not  read. 
A  rupee,  probably  from 
north-east  frontier  (PI. 
XXXI,  13). 

Slightly  convex,  with  ir- 
regular legend  in  characters 
not  read  (PI.  XXXI,  14). 

Four-line  Nagarl  legend 
in  square,  not  read  (?  a 
Nepal  coin). 

Unintelligible  rude  cha- 
racters.    A  rupee. 


Cambodia,  copper  {bronze)  ;  about  eighteenth  century 


l.M. 


M 


18-7 
•5 


Bird  (?  raven)  standing 
1.,  with  a  double  rectangle 
(?  character)  above. 


Blank;  obtained  at  Kan- 
gra  (PI.  XXXI,  15). 


Burma ;  so-called  '  symbolical  coin ',  silver 


l.M. 

M    142-7 

Rising    sun    in    dotted 

1-23 

border. 

(?)  Tibet 

l.M. 

M      84-5 

Central     double     circle 

1-08 

containing    a   wreath-like 
ornament ;    various    mar- 
ginal symbols. 

M      76-7 

Similar  ;  but  the  central 

M 

circle  is  single. 

Various     symbols 
XXXI,  16). 


(PI. 


A.S.B. 


M 


114 
•85 


Unassigned  brass 

Humped  bull  standing 
1.,  facing  a  (?)  vase,  and 
under  an  umbrella  with 
streamers.  In  exergue  be- 
low horizontal  line  in  me- 
diaeval script,  Jajjapurd 
(or  -purl). 


Scroll  ornaments ;  cen- 
tral square  containing  tri- 
Sula  and  (?)  date. 

Nearly  similar. 


Defaced,  possibly  blank. 


INDEX  OF  RULERS,  CITIES,  COUNTRIES, 
DYNASTIES,  AND  MINTS  IN  PART  III 


(«■.  =  city  ;  CO.  =  country  ;  chj.  =  dynasty  ;  m.  —  mint ;  r.  =  ruler,) 


Abdallah  bin  Hazim,  r.,  p.230. 
Abhimanyugupta,  r.,  p.  270. 
Achyuta  Raya,  r.,  pp.    322, 
_  324. 
Adi-varaha,  see  Bhojadeva  I, 

r. 
Ahani,  Sassanian  m.,  p.  228. 
Ai  (Airan),  Sassanian  m.,  p. 

22fi. 
Ainiir,  ci.,  pp.  256,  257,  259, 

'261. 
Ambika,  r.,  pp.  300,  301. 
Amsuvarman,  r.,  pp.  281,  283. 
Ananga-pala,  r.,  pp.  256,  259. 
Ananta,  r.,  p.  272. 
AnantavarmaChodaganga,  »•., 

pp.  311,  312,  Bli. 
Apurva  chandra  deva,  r.,  p. 

276. 
Arakan,  co  ,  p.  331. 
Ardamitra,  r.,  p.  221. 
Ardeshir  I,  n,  pp.  217,  218, 

220. 
Artahshatr,  see  Ardeshir  I,  r. 
Asata-pala,  r.,  pp.  244,  249. 
Assam,  co.,  pp.  294,  298. 
Auharmazdi,  see  Hormazd,  r. 
Avatara  chandra  deva,  r.,  p. 

278. 

Babekan,  see  Ardeshir  I,  r. 
Bahram,  see  Varahran,  r. 
Bah  ram,  Patan,  c('.,  m.  =  Se- 

ringapatam,  p.  326. 
Bara  Gusain,  r.,  p.  308. 
Bharatha  simha,  r.,  p.  306. 
Bhaskara  malla,  r.,  p.  286. 
Bhatgaon,  ci.,  pp.  281,  284. 
Bhimagupta,  r.,  p.  271. 
Bhojadeva  I,  r.,  pp.  232,  233, 

241. 
Bhupatlndra  malla,  r.,  p.  284. 
Bhuvanaika    malla,    r.,    pp. 

327,  330. 
Brajnatha  simha,  r.,  p.  307. 
Biikliara,  co.,  pp.  230.  231. 
Burma,  co.,  \>p.  331,  333. 

Ceylon,  co.,  p.  327. 

Cliahada   deva,   r.,   pp.   258, 

262.' 
Cliakravariendra,  r.,  p.  285. 
Chalnkva    chandra,    r.,    pp. 

311,  313. 


Chalukva,    E.    and   W.,    dy., 

pp.  311,  312,  313. 
Champaran,  ci.,  co.,  pp.  280, 

293. 
Chandella  dy.,  pp.  250,  253. 
Chandrakanta      simha      na- 

rendia,  r.,  p.  307. 
Charles  II,  r.,  p.  319. 
Chauhan  dy.,  pp.  257,  261. 
Chedi,  E.   and   W.,    co,,    pp. 

250,  251,  252,  254. 
Chhota  Udaipur,  co.,  pp.  297, 

309. 
Chittaraja,  r.,  p.  233.    , 
Chucheiipha,   v.l.  for  Susen- 

pha,  r.,  q.v. 
Chukrungpha,  r.,  p.  294. 
Chunenpha,   v.l.   for   Sunen- 

pha,  r.,  q.v, 

Dahala,  co,,  p.  252. 

Delhi,   ci.,  pp.  256,  257,  259, 

261. 
Deva  Eayall,  r.,  pp.  322,  323. 
Dharma    chandra    deva,    r., 

pp.  274,  279. 
Dharmasoka  deva,  r.,  p.  330. 
Didda,  queen,  r.,  pp.  270,  271. 
Donna  Maria  I,  r.,  p.  318. 
Durlabhaka,  r.,  p.  268. 

Ephthalite  dtj.,  pp.  232,  233, 
235. 

Firoz,    r.,  pp.   217,   219,  226, 
233,  237. 

Gadadhar  simha,  r.,  pp.  296, 

298. 
Gadhaiya  coins,  pp.  283,  240. 
Gaharwar  dy.,  pp.  257,  260. 
Gaiiga  dy.,  pp.  311,  314. 
Gahgeya  deva,  r.,  pp.  250, 252. 
Gaurlnatha  simha,  r.,  pp.  296, 

305. 
Girvan  yuddha  vikrama,  r., 

pp.  282,  290. 
Goa,  ci.,  pp.  311,  312,  314. 
Gopala  varman,  r.,  p.  270. 
Gorkhali  dy.,  pp.  281,  289. 
Govinda-chandra,  r.,  pp.  257, 

260. 

Haidar  'Ali,  r.,  pp.  323,  326. 


Hamirah,  Sri,  r.,  pp.  258,  263. 
Harichandra  deva,  r.,  p.  277. 
Harihara  II,  r.,  pp.  322,  323. 
Harsha,  r.,    of  Kashmir,    p. 

272. 
Hindu 


Indo-Sassanian  coins,  p.  232. 
Indra  malla,  r.,  p.  287. 

Jagadekamalla,r.,  pp.  311,313. 
Jaga-deva,  r.,  p.  273. 
Jagajjaya  malla,  r.,  p.  286. 
Jaintia  Parganas,  co.,  p.  296. 
Jajalla-deva,  r.,  pp.  251,  254, 

255  n. 
.Tajjapura,  ci.,  pp.  332,  333. 
Jamasp,  r.,  pp.  217  n.,  227 
Jayakesin  III,  r.,  p.  314. 
Jayantapura,  co.,  pp.  296,  307. 
Jayapida,  r.,  pp.  266,  269, 
Jayasimha  II,  r.,  p.  313. 
Jayasimha  deva,  r.,  p.  273. 
Jejakabhukti,  co.,  p.  253. 

Kabul,  ci.,  pp.  235,  244. 
Kadamba  dy,,  pp.   311,   312, 

314. 
Kalachuri  dy.,  pp.  250-2. 
Kalasa,  r.,  pp.  244,  265,  272. 
Kalinga,  co..  pp.  311,  314. 
Kallar,  r.,  p.  244. 
Kalyani,  ci.,  pp.  311,  313. 
Kamalesvara    simha,    r.,    p. 

307. 
Kariithlrava,  Raja,  r.,  pp.  323, 

325. 
Kanauj,  ci,,  pp.  233,  241,  257, 

260. 
Kangra,  ci.,  pp.  274.  275. 
Kapa,   r.l.  for  Rupa  chandra 

deva,  r ,  q.v. 
Karma  chandra  deva,  r.,  p. 

278. 
Kashmir,  co.,  p.  265. 
Kathmandu,  ci.,  pp.  281,  284. 
Khamarayaka.  v.l,  for   Kliu- 

duvayaka,  r.,  q.v. 
Khingila     (?  Khinkhila),    r., 

pp.  i65,  i:67. 


INDEX   OF   RULERS,   ETC.,  IN   PART   III 


335 


Khuduvayaka,    r.,    pp.    243, 

249. 
Khurasan,    co.,  m.,   pp.    230, 

234. 
Khusru  I  and  II,  r.,  pp.  217, 

219,  228. 
KlUi  (Kirti),  r.,  pp.  258,  263. 
Kinnaram,  r..  p.  307. 
KTrti-varma-deva,  r.,  pp.  250, 

253. 
Kobad  I,  r.,  pp.  217,  227. 
Kota  (?)  coins,  pp.  258,  264. 
Krishna    deva   Kaya,  r.,    pp. 

322,' 323. 
Krishna  Raja,  r.,  p.  326. 
Kshemagupta,  r.,  p.  270. 
Kubja-vishnu-vardhana,     r., 

pp.  311,  312. 
Kumara  -  pala  -  deva,    r.,  pp. 

256,  259. 

Lad  (Rad),  Sassanian  m.,  pp. 

227,  229. 
Lakshminara  siihha,  r.,   pp. 

281,  284.  _ 

Lakshml  siiiiha,  r.,  p.  304. 
Lalliya,  r.,  pp.  244,  245. 
LTlavati,  r.,  pp.  328,  329. 
Lohara  dy.,  pp.  271,  272. 
Loka  prakasa,  r.,  p.  288. 

Madana-pala,  r.,  pp.  257,  260. 
Madana  simha  deva,  r.,   pp. 

282,  293. 

Madana- varma-deva,    r.,   pp. 

250,  253. 
Madras,  ci.,  m.,  coins  of,  jDp. 

319-21. 
Malia- Kosala,    co.,    pp.    251, 

254. 
Maha-Samada-Raja,    r.,    pp. 

331,  332. 
Mahindra  simha,  r.,  p.  286. 
Mahipala,  r.,  pp.  256,  260. 
Mahipatindra    malla,    r.,    p. 

286. 
Malaya-varman,    r.,  pp.  257, 

262. 
Malla  dy.,  pp.  281,  284. 
Maiiahka  (?Manadevay,  r.,  pp. 

280,  283. 
Manipur,  co.,  pp.  297,  308. 
Mar  (Merv),  ci.,  m.,  pp.  229, 

230. 
Megha  chandra  deva,  r.,    p. 

277. 
Mihiragula,  r ,  pp.  232,  236. 
Muhammad  the  Mahdl,  r.,  p. 

230. 
Multan,  ci.,  p.  234. 
Mysore,  co.,  p.  322. 

Nab  (?  Ni),  Sassanian  m.,  p. 

227. 
Nah  (Nih),  Sassanian  m.,  p. 

228. 
Nandigupta,  r.,  p.  270. 
Napkl,  r.,  pp.  232,  242. 


Narendra  chandra  deva,  r., 
p.  278. 

Narendraditya,  r.,  p.  267. 

Narses  (Narsahi),  r.,  pp.  217, 
223. 

Narwar,  ci.,  dy.,  pp.  257,  262. 

Naushlrwan,  r.  —  Khusru  I, 
q.v. 

Nepal,  CO.,  p.  280. 

Nl  (?  Nab),  Sassanian  »«.,  p. 
227. 

Nih  (?Nah,  Nahavend),  Sas- 
sanian m.,  p.  228. 

Nivasa  malla,  r.,  pp.  287, 
288  n. 

Nripendra,  r.,  p.  285. 

Obeidallah   bin   Ziad,   r.,    p. 

229. 
Ohind,  ci.,  pp.  243-.5. 
Omiah  bin   Abdallah,  r.,   p. 

230. 

Padma  tankas,  pp.  311,  317. 
Pagodas,  p.  310. 
Panjab,  co.,  pp.  243-6. 
Parakrama     I3ahu,     r.,     pp. 

327-9. 
Paramardi  (Parmal),  r.,  pp. 

250,  253,  257. 
Partha,  r.,  p.  270. 
Parviz  =  Khusru  II,  r.,  q.v. 
Pasupati,  (?)  r..  pp.  281,  284. 
Patan,  ci.,  pp.  281,  284.  287. 
Perma,  r.,  p.  313. 
Persia,  co.,  p.  217. 
Phulesvarl,  r.,  pp.  300,  301. 
Pipala,  r.,  pp.  258,  263. 
Pirthiraj  =  Prithvi-raja,    r., 

q.v. 
Pithama  chandra  deva,  r.,  pp. 

274,  275. 
Pithi,  (?)  r.,  pp.  258,  263. 
Pondicherry,  ci.,  p.  319. 
Portonovo,  ci.,  m.,  p.  320. 
Portuguese  dy.,  pp.  311,  318. 
Prakasa  malla,  r.,  p.  287. 
Pramatha  simha,  r.,  pp.  295, 

298,  302. 
Pramathesvari,    r.,   pp.    296, 

300  n.,  301. 
Pratapa,  title  of  Vijayanagar 

r.,  pp.  323-5. 
Pratapaditya,  r.,  pp.  265,  268. 
Pratapa  malla,  r.,  p.  285. 
Pratapa  simlia,  r.,  of  Nepal, 

p.  290. 
Pratapa  simha,  r.,  of  Assam, 

p.  299. 
Prithvi-deva,  r.,  pp.  251,  254, 

255  n. 
Prithvi-narayana,  r.,  pp.  281, 

'289. 
Prithvi-raja,  r.,  pp.  257,  261. 
Prithvl  vira  vikrama,   r.,  p. 

293. 
Prlti,'(?)r.,  p.  332. 
Pudukota,  CO.,  p.  321. 


Rad  (Lad),  Sassanian  w.,  pp. 

227,  229. 
Rajendra  vikrama,  r.,  p.  291. 
Riijesvara  simha,  r.,  pp.  296, 

303. 
Ral,  Sassanian  m.,  p.  229. 
Ram,  Sassanian  r.,  p.  227. 
Rama  chandra    dova,   r.,    p. 

278. 
Kama  Raja,  r.,  pp.  322,  325. 
Rama  simha,  r.,  of  Jayanta- 

pura,  p.  308. 
Rama  simha  manikya,  r.,  p. 

308. 
Rama  varma,  r.,  p.  316. 
Rana  Bahadur,  r.,  p.  290. 
Ranajita  malla,  r.,  p.  284. 
Raimpur,    Ci.,    m.,    pp.    304, 

306. 
Rathor  or  Gaharwar  dy ,  pp. 

257,  260. 
Ratnadeva,  r.,  pp.  251,  255. 
Rudra    siiiiha,    r.,    pp.    294, 

299. 
Rupa  chandra  deva,   r.,   pp. 

275,  276. 

Sabhajita  malla,  r.,  p.  284. 
Sadasiva  Raya,    r.,    pp.   322, 

324. 
Safdar  'All  Khan,  r.,  p.  326. 
Sahasa  malla,  r.,  p.  330. 
Sahi  dy.,  pp.  244,  245. 
Saktivarman,  r.,  pp.  311.  313. 
Salim  bin  Ziad,  r.,  p.  230. 
Sallakshana-pala,  r.,  pp.  256, 

259. 
Samanta-deva,  r.,  of  Ohind, 

243-5,  247. 
Samanta-deva,  r.,  of  Kangra, 

pp.  274,  275. 
Sangrama,  r.,  p.  271. 
Sankaravarman,  r.,  pp.  244, 

264-7,  269. 
Sapor  =  Shapur,  r.,  q.v. 
Sarvesvari.  r.,  pp.  300  n.,  302. 
Sassanian  dy.,  p.  217. 
Seringapatam,  ci.,  p.  326. 
Shahi-tigin,    r.  =  Vahi-tigin, 

q.  V. 
Shahiya  dy.,  pp.  244,  24o. 
ShapOr   I,    II,    III,   r.,   pp. 

217-25. 
Shi,  Sassanian  m.,  p.  228. 
Siddhi   nara   simha,    r.,   pp. 

281,  282,  287. 
Sikim,  CO.,  pp.  297,  309. 
Silahara  dy.,  p.  233. 
Singara  chandra  deva,  r.,  p. 

277. 
Siva,  Sri,  (?)  r.,  pp.  331,  332. 
Siva  siiiiha,  r.,  pp.  295,  300-2. 
Someivara-deva,  r.,  pp.  257, 

261. 
Sona-deva,  r.,  pp.  258,  263. 
Spalapati  (Syalapati),  r.,  pp. 

243-6. 


336 


INDEX  OF   RULERS,  ETC.,   IN   PART   III 


6ru(a  (?)  coins,  pp.  258,  264. 
SMt;aiidliil  Rrml,  r.,  p.  270. 
yuklonmvui,  r.,  pp.  i290,  298. 
bunenphu,  r.,  pp.    296,   298, 
,  302. 

Supatphft,  r.,  pp.  296,  298. 
Surciidrft    vikriima,    r.,    pp. 

282,  290-3. 
Surga  (Svarga)  narayana,  r., 
,  p.  299. 

Suaenphfi,  r.,  p.  299. 
Sussala,  r.,  p.  272. 

Thakurl  dy.,  p.  283. 
Tibet,  CO.,  pp.  332,  333. 
Tipperah,  co.,  pp.  297,  808. 
Tipu  Sultan,  r.,  pp.  323,  326. 
Toniara  dy.,  pp.  256,  259. 
Toramana,  r.,  of  Kashmir,  pp. 

264,  267. 
Toramana,    r.,  "White   Hun, 

pp.  232,  235,  265. 
Trailokya-varma-deva,  r.,  pp. 

250,  253. 
Travancore,  co.,  pp.  311,  315. 


Tribhuvanagupta,  r.,  p.  271. 
Triloka  chandra  dova,  r.,  p. 

279. 
Tripura,  co.  =  Tipperah,  q.  v. 

Udaipur,  ChhotA,  co.,  p.  297. 
Utpalad!/.,p.  269, 

Vah,  Sassanian  m.,  p.  226. 
Vahi-tigin,  r.,  pp.232,  234. 
Vakka,  r.,  pp.  243,  244,  248. 
Varahran   I-VI,  r.,  pp.  217, 

222,    226,    226,    228,    230, 

231  n. 
Vengi,  ci.,  pp.  311,  312. 
Venka,  v.  I.  for  Vakka,  r.,  q.  v. 
Venkatesvara,  r.,  p.  325. 
Vigraha,  r.,  of  Kashmir,  pp. 

266,  269. 
Vigraha-pala,  r.,  pp.  233,  239. 
Vijaya  B.ahu,  r.,  pp.  327,  329. 
Vijayanagar,  ci.,  dy.,  p.  322. 
Vinayaditya,  r.,  pp.  266,  269. 
Vira  mahendra,  >.,  p.  286. 
Vira  nara  simha  malla,  r.,  p. 

288. 


Vira-varma-dova,  r.,  pp.  250, 

254. 
Vishamasiddlii,   r.,   pp.   311, 

312. 
Vishnu    chitta-deva,    r.,    p. 

314. 
Vishnu  malla,  r.,  p.  289. 
(?)  Visramsadeva,  r.,  pp.  266, 

269. 


Wah,  Sassanian  m.,  pp.  226, 

227. 
White  Hun  dy.,  pp.  232,  233, 

236. 


Y.arikriya,  (?)  r.,  p.  .3.32. 
Yasovarman,  r.,  pp.  205,  268. 
Yezdegird  I,  II,  r.,  pp.  217, 

225,  226. 
YogamatI,  r.,  p.i288. 
Yoga  narendra  malla,  r.,  p. 

288. 
Yoga    prakasa   malla,   r.,    p. 

289. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


ABBREVIATIONS 


ci.  =  city  or  town ;  co.  =  country  ;  d.  =  deity  ;  d)/.  =  dynasty ;  k  =  king  or 

chief ;  qu.  =  queen  ;  ti/.  =  type. 

Abdagases,  Indo-Parthian  k.,  36,  37,  57. 
Abdallah  bin  Hazim,  Arab  governor,  230. 
Abhimanyugupta,  /c.  of  Kashmir,  270. 


AhrwH  precatoriun,  the  ra^i  seed,  310. 
Achsnita,  /c.  of  Ahichhatra,  18.5,  188. 
Achyuta  Baya,  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  322,  324. 
Adtnanlhera  pavortina,  rnanjddi  seed,  -"ilO. 
Adi  Vardha,  ty.  of  Bhoja  k.,  232-4,  241. 
Agathoklela,  Indo-Grcek  qu.,  5,  G,  21. 
Afathokles,  Indo-Greek  k.,  3,  5,  10,  147. 
Agrnimitra,  k.   of  N.  Panchala,    184,  186; 

Sunga  k.,  184. 
Aham,  Sassanian  mint,  228. 
Ahichhatra,  ci.,   Gupta    copper  mint,   97  ; 

coins  of,  14G,  184,  18.5. 
Ahom,  dy.j  triVje,  and  language,  294-6. 
Ai  (?=  Airan),  Sassanian  mint,  226. 
Aja-varma,  k.  of  Ajodhya,  144,  1.50. 
Ajayapala-deva,  k.  of  Tomara  dy.,  2.56. 
Ajmir,  <:i.,  Chauhan  dy.  of,  2.57,  261  ;  Tomara 

dy.  of,  256,  259. 
Ajodhya,  ci.,  Gupta  copper  mint,  97  ;  coins 

of,  144,  148. 
Alberuni,  on  Shahiya  dy.,  244,  245. 
Alexander  the  Great,  3,  7,  135. 
Ambhi,  k.  of  Taxila,  13.5. 
Ambika,  Ahom  qu.,  300  n.,  .301. 
Amoghabhuti,  Kuninda  k.,  161,  167. 
Amiuvarman,  k.  of  Nepal,  281,  283. 
Amyntas,  Indo-Greek  k.j  5,  31. 
Ananga-pala,  Tomara  k.,  2.56,  259. 
Ananta,  k.  of  Kashmir,  272. 
Anantavarma  Cliodaganga,  k.,  811,  312,  314. 
Andhra  dy.,  208. 
Anglo-Indian  coinage,  311. 
Anio  r?),  d.,  78. 

Antialkidas,  Indo-Greek  k.,  5,  15,  13.5. 
Antimachos  (IX)  Nikephoros,   Indo-Greek 

L,  5,  29,  13.5. 
Antimachos   (I)   Theos,    k.  of  Bactria,    4, 

.5,  10. 
Antiochos  the  Great,  Syrian  k.,  3. 
Apollo,  d.,  ty.,  11,  20,  28,  29. 
Apollodotos,  Indo-Greek  /;.,  4,  5,  18,  161. 
Apollophanes,  Indo-Greek  k.,  5,  6,  28  n. 


Apnrva  chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kflngra,  276. 

Arab  governors  of  Persia,  218,  229,  231  n. 

Arabic  legends  on  Nepalcse  coiiiM,  281,  285. 

Arachosia,  co.,  35-7. 

Arakan,  co.,  coins  of,  331,  3.32. 

Archebioa,  Indo-Greek  k.,  5,  17. 

•  Archer'  ty.,  103,  105,  111,  117,  119-21. 

Ardamitra,  k.,  221  n. 

Ardeshir,    Ka9^anian    k.,  I,  I'fthekan,  217, 

218,  220;  II,  217;  III,  218. 
Ardochsho,  d.,  76-90. 
Arjunayana  tribe  and  coins,  160,  166, 
'  Arrow  '  ty.,  62. 
Arsakes  Dikalos,  k.,  36,  37. 
Artahshatr,  see  Ardeshir. 
Artaxerxes,  =  Ardeshir,  /,•.,  q  r.,  220. 
Artemidoros,  Indo-Greek  k.,  5,  6, 
Artemis,  d.,  ty.,  9,  .'39. 
As^ta-pala,  k.,  244,  249. 
A.i('ivarl  h^gend,  261,  262. 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  Pref.  and  Gen. 

In trod. 
A6oka,  k.,  280. 

Aspavarma,  slratnjnn,  37,  38,  52. 
Assam,  co.,  294,  298. 
Aivaghosha,  k.  of  Kosam,  146,  155. 
Aivomedha,  horse -sacrifice,  96,  101. 
Athsho,  Persian  d.,  69,  72,  76,  79-82. 
Andnmbara  tribe  and  coinn,  147,  160,  166. 
Angnstua,  head  of,   ty.,  66  ;    denarius   of, 

135. 
Aureus,  varying  standard  of,  63,  218. 
Avantl,  CO.,  coins  of,  145,  152,  198,  203. 
AvatSra  chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  278. 
Aynmltra,  /..  of  Ajodhya,  145,  1.50. 
Azarmi-dubht,  Sassanian  qu.,  218. 
Azes  ^Aya),  Indo-Partliian  k.,  I,  36-8,  48  ; 

II,  36-8,  50. 
Azilises  ^Ayilishay,  Indo-Parthian  k.,  36, 

37,  49. 

Babekan,  .see  Ardeshir  I. 
Bacharna,  Later  Kushan  h.,  89. 
Bactria,  ';'>.,  7,  8,  &c. 
Bagapharoa,  k.  in  Jihlam,  .36  n. 


SMITH 


338 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Bahasati  (Brihaspati)  mitra,  k.  of  KOsam, 

146,  165,  185, 
BahrSm,  =  Varahran,  q.r. 
Bahram  patan,  ct.,  =  Seringapatam,  326. 
Balabhuti,  A.  of  Mathura,  190,  192. 
Baladitya,  see  Nara,  119. 
Balban,  k.  of  Delhi,  258. 
Bdndstra  defined,  285  n. 
Bara  Ouiialu,  k.  of  Jayantapura,  308. 
Bars  used  as  coins,  133,  136. 
Bartholomaei,  General  de,   on    Sassanian 

coins,  217,  219,  231  n. 

•  Battle-axe  '  ti^.,  96,  104. 
Bazodeo,  =  Vasudeva,  k.,  q.v.,  84. 
Beghram,  coins  collected  at,  235  n. 
Bendall,  Prof.,  on  Nepal,  282. 
Bengali  script,  296. 
Besnag^ar,  ci.,  145,  152  n. 
Bhadra,  Later  Kuslian  k.,  88. 
Bhadraghosha,   k.    of    N.    Panchala,    185, 

187. 
Bhagadatta,  mythical  k.  of  Assam,  306. 
Bhagavata,  k.  of  KOsam,  146. 
Bhagavati,  d.,  287. 
Bhanumltra,  Audumbara  k.,  161,    166  ;  k. 

of  N.  Panchala,  185,  187. 
Bhapamyana,  Malava  ^-.,  163,  174. 
Bharatha  simha,  k.  of  Kangpur,  306. 
Bhartridaman,  W.  Satrap,  124. 
Bhaskara  nialla,  Nepalese  k.,  286. 
Bhatgaon,  cl,  280,  284. 
Bhavadatta,  k.  of  Mathura,  190,  193. 
Bhavani,  cl,  289,  290. 
Bhima-deva,  k.  of  Oiund,  243,  244. 
BhSma-gTipta,  k.  of  Kashmir,  271. 
Bhogini,  (l,  283. 

Bhojadeva  I,  k.  of  Kanauj,  232,  233,  241. 
Bhumi-mitra,  k.  of  N.  Panchala,  185,  187. 
Bhupatindra  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  284. 
Bhnvanaika  malla,  k.  of  Ceylon,  327,  330. 
Bondnc  nut,  or  Molucca  bean,  310. 

•  Bow  and  arrow  •  ty.,  132,  208,  209. 
Bralima-mitra,   k.   of  Mathura,    190,   194  ; 

an  earlier  k.,  199,  205. 
Brahmanya,    Svaml,    Yaudheya    k.,    165, 

181.' 
BraJnStha  simha,  k.  of  Assam,  307. 
Brihaspati  mltra,  k.   of  Kosam,   146,  155, 

185. 

•  Buckler  '  ty.,  26. 

BukharS,  bilingual  coins  of,  230. 

•  BuU  and  horseman  '  ty.,  243,  256,  274. 
Bnnddlkhand,     the    Chandella     kingdom, 

250;=Jejakabhukti,  253. 
Burmese,  in  Assam,  295  ;  symbolical  coin, 
331,  333. 


Caduceas    symbol,    .38,    133,    137,    138-40, 

142. 
Caesnlpinia  honduc,  Molucca  bean,  310. 
Cambodia,  co.,  coin  of,  331,  333. 
Camel,  Bactrian,  ty.,  27,  48,  67,  242. 
Carlleyle,  Mr.  A.  C,  discoveries  of,  161. 
Carnatic,  Nawab  of,  319. 

•  Cash  '  {Kaxu),  a  copper  coin,  311,  316. 
Cast  coins,  198-203. 

Central  India,  mediaeval  dy.  of,  250. 
Ceylon,  mediaeval  coinage  of,  327. 
Chahada-deva,  k.  of  Narwar,  258,  262. 
Chaity'a,  ty.,  131,  198. 

Chakiam,  silver  Travancore  coin,  311,  316. 
Chakravartendra,  Nepalese  k.,  285. 
Chalukya,  dy..  Eastern  and  Western,  311-13. 
Chalukya  chandra,   E.    Chalukya  k,,   311, 

313. 
Chamba,  CO.,  Asata  A-.  of,  245. 
Champaran,  co.,  coins  of,  280.  282,  293. 
Chanda,  district,  Andhra  coins  from,  209. 
Chanda  Mall,  forger,  65. 
ChandeUa,  dy.,  250,  253. 
Chandra  (Chada),  Andhra  k.,  209,  213  ;  dy. 

of  Arakan,  331 . 
Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kanauj,  257. 
Chandragupta,  k.  of  Gupta  dynasty  I,  95, 

99 ;  II,  96,  97,  104,  162  (corrigenda). 
Chandrakanta  simha  narendra,  k.  of  Assam, 

307. 
Characene,  ci.,  in  Susiana,  3,  9  ». 
Charles  ZZ,  k.  of  England,  319. 
Chatre^viira  ty.,  161,  170. 
Chauhan  (Chahamana),  dy.  of  Ajmir,  257, 

261. 
Chedi,  CO.,  Eastern  =  Mahakosala,  251,  254  ; 

Western  =  Jabalpur,  250-2. 
Chhota  Udaipur,  co.,  297,  309. 
Chhu,  Later  Kushan  k.,  89. 
Chittaraja,  Silahara  k.,  233. 
Chodaganga,  k.  of  Ceylon,  327. 
Chola,  A-.,  Rajaraja,  327. 
Chuchenpha,  v.  I.  for  Susenpha,  k.,  q.  v. 
Chukapha,  Ahom  k.,  294. 
Chukrungpha,  AhOm  k.,  294. 
Chunenpha,  v.  I.  for  Sunenpha,  k.,  q.  v. 
Churdmani  defined,  288. 
'City'  ty.,  30,  58. 

•  Club  '  ty.,  27. 

•  Cock  '  ty.,  7. 

•  Cock  and  BuU  '  iy.,  144,  150. 
Coinage,  origin  of  Indian,  133,  136,  310. 
Copper  coinage,  antiquity  of,  133,  135. 
Corinthian  coinage,  133. 

'Couch'  ty.,  104. 

Cowries,  used  as  money,  135. 


GENERAL   INDEX 


339 


Cunningham,  Sir  A.,  on  Alexander's  suc- 
cessors, 6  ;  Coln»  of  Sakas,  37  ;  on  find- 
spots  of  coins,  143. 

Dahala,  co.,  =  W.  Chedi,  or  Jabalpur,  252. 
Damajada  ^ri,  k.,  son  of  Eudrasena,  125. 
Davids,  Prof.  Bhys,  on  coins  of  Ceylon, 

328. 
Delhi,  ci.,  Chauhan  dy.  of,  257,  261  ;  Tomara 

dy.  of,  256,  259. 
Demeter,  d.,  ty.,  46. 
Demetrios,  h.,  3,  5,  9. 
Deopadi,  see  Ambika,  qu.,  300  n. 
Bephd,  legend,  199,  206. 
Deva,  1:.,  (?)  of  Kosam,  199,  206. 
Deva-mitra,  A-.  of  Ajodhya,  144,  146,  151. 
Deva  Naga,  k.,  164,  178. 
Deva  Raya  II,  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  322,  323. 
Dhana-deva,  A-,  of  Ajodhya,  144,  148. 
Dharann,  =  punch-marked  coin,  134,  139. 
Dbarma  Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  274, 

279. 
Dharmaioka  deva,  k.  of  Ceylon,  330. 
Dhruvamitra,  k.  of  N.  Panchala,  185. 
Diadema,  ti/.,  28. 
Dldda,  qu,  of  Kashmir,  270,  271. 
Dillhvdls,  =  '  bull    and   horseman '    coins, 

257. 
Diodotos  I  and  II,  k.  of  Bactria,  3,  5,  7,  10. 
Diomedes,  k.,  5,  16. 
Dionysios,  Indo-Greek  k.,  28. 
Dioskouroi,  d,,  ty.,  11,  13,  16,  17. 
Dog,  ty.,  132,  140, 

Donna  Maria  I,  qn.  of  Portugal,  318. 
Drachma,  weight  standard,  218,  251. 
Dramma  coins,  251. 
Drang-iana,  co.,  =  Sistan,  35. 
Drouin,  M.,  on  Sassanian  coins,  231  n. 
Duddu  coin,  316. 
Dumpy  pice,  142,  282. 
Durga  devi,  d.,  279. 
Bfxriji  pagoda,  324. 
Dnrlahhaba,  k.  of  Kashmir,  265,  268. 

Earthquake  of  1905,  275. 

East   India    Company   coinage,   311,    319, 

321. 
Elephant  head  or  scalp  ty.,  9,  14,  27,  38. 
'  Elephant-rider'  ty.,  79. 
Elliot,  Sir  W.,  Coins  of  Southern  India,  311, 

312. 
Enadari,  see  Sarvesvari,  qu.,  300  «. 
English  models  of  coinage,  311,  319,  321. 
Epander,  k.,  5,  6. 

Epheaus,  minute  silver  coins  of,  163  ». 
Ephthalite  symbol,  233. 


EphthaUtes,  =  White  Huns,  q.  v.,  233. 

Era,  Arakanese,  331  ;  Gupta,  95  ;  Malava 
or  Vikrama,  03  ;  MauliuU,  326  ;  Nowar 
or  Nepali,  281  ;  Saka  or  Saka,  245,  281, 
296. 

Eran,  ci.,  coins  of,  141,  145,  152  h.,  163  71. 

Eiikratides,  k.  of  Bactria,  4,  5,  11. 

Euthydemos,  k.  of  Bactria,  3,  5,  8. 

Panam,  small  southern  coin,  810. 

Pire-altar,  Sassanian  ty.,  218,  233. 

Piroz,  Sassanian  k.,  217,  219,  226,  233,  237. 

Pish,  ty.,  132,  136,  139,  140. 

Forgeries,  7  n.,  65,  100  ». 

Prench  coins,  311,  319. 

Pyzabad,  ci.,  144,  148,  150. 

Oadadhar  slmha,  Assamese  k.  296,  298. 

Gadhalya  (Gadhiya)  coins,  233,  234,  240. 

Qaharwar,  dy.  of  Kanauj,  257,  260. 

Gait,  Mr.,  Sietory  of  Assam,  295. 

Gajapati  pagoda.  318. 

Gajava,  Malava  k.,  177. 

Ganapatl  (Ganendra),  Naga  k.,  164,  178. 

Gandhara,  co.,  Kanishka  k.  of,  69. 

Gandikota  pagoda,  325. 

Ganga,  dy.  of  Kalinga,  311,  312,  314. 

GSngeya-deva    Vikramaditya,    k.     of    W. 

Chedi,  250-2. 
Ganjam,  co.,  rude  coins  from,  64. 
Gardner,  Prof.  P.,  on  Bactrian  coins,  6,  37. 
Gargaon,  an  Ahom  mint,  301. 
Garuda,  ty.,  109,  110,  116,  321. 
Gauda,  co.,  =  Karna-suvaraa,  98. 
Gaurinatha  slmha,  k.  of  Assam,  295,  296, 

305. 
GautamI,  mother  of  Andhra  kings  208,  209, 

212. 
Ghatotkacha,  a  Gupta  k,,  95. 
(?)  Ghosha,  k.  of  Mathura,  190,  194. 
Girlndra,  Nepalese  title,  286,  287. 
Girvan  ynddha  vikrama,  Nepalese  k.,  282, 

290. 
Goa,  ci..  coins  of  k.  of,  311,  314. 
Gojara,  Malava  k.,  176. 
Gomitra,  k.  of  Mathura,  190, 194  ;  an  earlier 

k.,  199,  205. 
Gondophares,  Indo-Parthian  k.,  36-8,  54. 
Gopalavarman,  k.  of  Kashmir,  270. 
Gor,  epithet  of  Varaliran  V,  217,  226. 
Gorakhanatha,  d.,  289,  290. 
Gorakhpur  and  Champaran,  dy.  of,  282. 
Gorkhali  (Giirkha),  dy.,  280,  281,  289. 
Ootamiputa,  see  Vilivayakura  II  and  Yajna 

Sri. 
Govinda,  d.,  =  Krishna,  293. 


340 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Govindachandra,  k.  of  Kanauj,  257,  260. 

Greek,  k..  3-33. 

Guhe6vari,  rf.,  290. 

Ouilandiiia  bonrfuceUa,  Molucca  bean,  310. 

Gnnanka,  h.  of  Nepal.  280,  281. 

Gupta,  dy.,  95,  99  ;  era,  95 ;  k.,  95. 

Hagamasha,  satrap,  190,  195. 

Hag-ana,  satrap,  190,  195. 

Haidar  'All,  1i.  of  Mysore,  328,  326. 

Haihaya,  or  Kulachuri  clan  and  dy.,  250-2, 

254,  2o5. 
Hallakshaua,  k.,  —  Sallakshanavarman,  qv. 
Hamirah,  Sri,  rogal  title,  258,  263. 
Hanuman,  d..  tij..  251. 
Hari  chandra  deva,  7i'.  of  Kangra,  277. 
Harihara  II,  A-.  of  Vijayanagar,  322,  323. 
Harsha,  Ic.  of  Kashmir,  272. 
Harsha  vardhana,  k.  of  N.  India,  280. 
Hastin,  Rana,  118. 
Heliokles,  A',  of  Bactria,  4,  5,  13. 
Helios,  fZ.,  ty,^  71. 
Hellenistic  coins,  3. 
Heralos,  k.,  65,  94. 
Herakles,  rf.,  ty.,  8,  9,  14,  21,  22,  28,  31,  33, 

39,  41,  49. 
Hermaios,  k.  of  Kabul,  4,  5,  31,  65. 
Hermes,  d.,  ty.,  46,  47. 
Hindu  dy.  of  Ohind,  243. 
Hippostratos,  k.,  5,  30. 
Hiranya,  h.  of  Kashmir,  265. 
Hormazd,     Sassanian     k.,     imitations     of 

coins  of,  92. 
Hormazd  I,  II,  III,  IV,  V,  Sassanian  k., 

217,  218,  221,  223. 
Hun,  or  pagoda  coin,  310. 
Huns,  White,  or  Ephthalites,  97,  233,  235. 
Huvishka,  Kushan  k.,  63,  65,  75. 
Hyrkodes,  k.,  65,  93. 

Indian  Museum,  Pref.  and  Gen.  Introd. 

Ikkerl  pagoda,  324. 

Indo-French  coins,  311,  319. 

Indo-Greek  coins,  3. 

Indo-Parthian  dy.,  35. 

Indo-Portuyuese  coins,  311,  318. 

Indo-Sassanian  coins,  64,  232-42. 

Indra,  d.,  296,  307. 

Indra  malla,  k.  of  Nepal,  287. 

Indra  mitra,  k.  of  N.  P.inchala,  184,  187. 

Indravarma,  father  of  Aspavarma,  52. 

Ingots  used  as  coins,  133,  136. 

Irano-Scythic  characters,  234,  242. 

Jabalpur  District,  =  W.  Chedi,  250-2. 
JagadekamaUa,  W.  Chalukya  k.,  311,  313.. 


Jaga-deva,  k.  of  Kashmir,  273. 

Jag-ajjaya  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  286, 
280  n. 

Jahang-ir,  k.,  Nepalese  imitations  of  coins 
of,  281,  285. 

Jaintia  Parg'anas,  ro..  296. 

Jajalla-deva,  I  and  II.  k.  of  E.  Chedi,  251, 
254. 

Jajjapura,  c/.,  coin  of,  331,  333. 

Jalandhara,  ci.,  co.,  274. 

Jamaka,  Malava  k,,  177. 

Jamapaya,  Malava  k.,  111. 

Jamasp,  Sassanian  fe.,  217  ». 

Janapada  legend,  164. 

'  Javelin '  ty.  of  Gupta  coins,  see  '  Spear- 
man' ty.,  102. 

Jayachchandra,  k.  of  Kanauj,  257. 

JayagTipta,  k.,  121. 

Jayakeiin  III,  Kadamba  k.,  314. 

Jayamitra,  k.  of  N.  Panchala,  185. 

Jayantapura,  ci.,  co.,  296,  307. 

Jayapida,  /;.  of  Kashmir,  266,  269. 

Jayasimha  II,  Chalukya  k.,  313. 

Jayasimha  deva,  k.  of  Kashmir,  273. 

Jayavarnian,  Chandelia  k.,  250. 

Jejakabhukti,  co.,  =  Bundelkhand,  253. 

Jetha  mitra,  k.  of  Kosam,  146. 

Jihunia,  =  Zeioni.'ses,  satrap,  q.  v.,  31,  58. 

Jishnugupta,  k.  of  Nepal,  281. 

Jivadaman,  W.  Satrap,  son  of  Damajada, 
123. 

Jovian  cycle,  314. 

Jwalamukhi,  coins  found  at,  161. 

Jyeslitliadatta-(deva),  A.,  199,  205. 

Kabul,  ci.,  various  k.  of,  17,  22,  29,  31,  33, 

63,    68 ;    so-called   Hindu  k.   of,   243  ; 

Indo-Sassanian  coins  of,  227  n. 
Kacha  (Kaclia\  k.  of  Gupta  dy.,  96,  100. 
Kadamba  dy.  of  Goa,  311,  312,  314. 
Kadphises,  Kushan  k.,  I,  4,  33,  63,  65 ;  II, 

36,  59,  63,  64,  68. 
Kalachuri  or  Haihaya  clan  and  dy.,  250-2, 

254,  255. 
Kalanju  seed  used  as  weight,  310. 
Kala^a,  k.  of  Kashmir,  246,  267,  272. 
Kalhana,  Rajaiaranginl  of,  265,  273  ». 
Kaling-a,    co.,    anonymous    coins    of,    64 ; 

Ganga  dy.  of,  311,  312,  314. 
Kalinganagrara,  ci.,  311. 
Kallar,  k.  of  Ohind,  244,  245. 
Kalliope,  Indo-Greek  qu.,  5,  31. 
Kalyani,  ci.,  311,  313. 
Kamadatta,  k.  of  Mathura,  190. 
Kamadebi  ty.,  283. 
Kamale^vara  simha,  Assamese  A'.,  307. 


GENERAL   INDEX 


341 


Kamara,  ^,  of  Ohind,  243,  244. 
Kamarupa,  co.,  =  Assam,  294. 
Kamthlrava,  Raja  of  Mysore,  323,  325. 
Kanauj,  cL,  capital  of  Bhojadeva,  233,  241  ; 

Gaharwar  or  Rathor  dy.  of,  257,  260. 
Kaneshko,  Kushan  k.  distinct  from  Kan- 

ishka,  64,  87. 
Kanishka,  Kushan  k.,   36,  37,  63,  64,  65, 

69,  127. 
Kangr^a,   ci.,    co.,   coins   of,    274-9. 
Kantipnr,  ct.,  =Kathmar!dQ,  q.  v.,  280. 
Eapa,  V.  I.  for  Rupa  (chandra  deva),  A.,  q.v., 

275. 
Karma  chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  278. 
Earua  suvarna,  co.,  =Gatida,  98. 
Kdrshapa7ia,  copper  coin,  134. 
Karttikeya,  d.,  76,  181  w. 
Kashmir,  co,,  Hindu  coinage  of,  265-73. 
Kdsii.,  or  '  cash',  a  copper  coin,  311,  316. 
Kathmandn,  ci.,  dy.  and  coins  of,  280,  284. 
Kauiambi,  ci.,  of  the  Jains,  =  KGsam,  q.v., 

146. 
Kavira,  (?)  h,  199,  205. 
Kerman  Shah,  title  of  Varahran  IV,  q.  v., 

217,  225. 
Khamarayaka,   v.  I.  for  Khuduvayaka,    k., 

q.v.,  244. 
Kharoshthi  script,  7,  68  m.,  161. 
Khinkhila  (Khing'ila),  k.,  265,  267. 
Khuduvayaka,  h.  of  Ohind,  243,  249. 
Khurasan,  Sassanian  mint,  230. 
Khusru  I,  II,  III,  Sassanian  k.,    217-19, 

228. 
Kidara  coins,  64,  89-91,  268,  269. 
Killi  (?  Kirti),  k.,  258,  263. 
*  King'  and  queen  '  ty.,  99,  117,  127. 
Kinnaram,  Assamese  k.,  307. 
Kirtivarman,  Chandella  k.,  250,  253. 
Kobad  I,  II,  Sassanian  k.,  217,  218,  227. 
Kolhapur,  ci.,  Andhra  coins  from,  208,  210. 
Kosala,  co.,  kings  of,  184,  186. 
Kosam,  ci.,  coins  of,  145,  146,  155,  206. 
Kota  legend,  258,  264. 

KramddUya,  title  of  Gupta  k.,  98,  117,  122. 
Krishna  deva  3Saya,  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  322, 

323. 
Krishna  Baja,  k.  of  Mysore,  326. 
Kritanta,  f/.,  =  Yama,  god  of  death,  96,  104. 
Kritavirya,  Little  Yueh-chi  k.,  89. 
Kshatrapas,  see  Satraps. 
A'ji^atnya, -^Rajanya,  q.v.,  164. 
Kshemagupta,  k.  of  Kashmir,  270. 
Kshudraka  tribe,  =  Oxydrakai,  160. 
Kuhja-Vishnuvardhana,    E.    Chalukya   k., 

311,  312. 
Kufic  script,  217  n.,  219. 


Kujulakara,  Kushan  /r.,  =  Kadphises  I,  q.v.^ 

4,  33. 
Kula,  CO.,  the  Kuninda  territory,  161. 
Kumara,  Yaudheya  k.,  182. 
Kumara  devi,  qu.,  lOO. 
Kumaragupta,  k.,  of  Gupta  dy.,  I,  97,  111  ; 

II,  98,  120. 
Kumarapala-deva,  k.,  of  Tomara  dy.,  256, 

259. 
Kumari,  d.,  287. 
Kumaridevi,  d.,  113. 
Kumuda-sena,  k.  of  Ajodhya,  144,  150. 
Knnet  tribe,  =  Kuninda,  161. 
Kunhama,  (?)  k.,  198,  200. 
Kuninda  tribe  and  coins,  161,  167-70. 
Kushan,  dy.  and  coins,  63-91,  93,  94,  97, 

218. 
Kushano-Sassanian  coins,  64,  91,  235  n. 
Kutamdna  legend,  258,  263. 
Kuyulakapha,  =  Kadphises  I,  q,  v. 

Iiad  (Kad),  Sassanian  mint,  227,  229. 

Lakshmi,  d.,  103,  105,  &c. 

Iiakshmi   nara    simha,   Nepalese   k.,    281, 

284. 
Iiakshmi  simha,  Assamese  k.,  304. 
Lalitaditya,  k.  of  Kashmir,  266. 
ialitapur,  ei.,  =  Patan,  q.  v.,  280. 
Lalliya,  k.  of  Ohind,  244,  245. 
Laodike,  Bactrian  qu.,  5. 
lead  coins,  199,  204,  208-13. 
Iiendan,  (/.,  AhOm  equivalent  of  Indra,  296. 
I.6vi,  M.  Sylvain,  Le  Nepal,  282. 
Iiichchhavi  clan,  95,  99,  100. 
Iiilavati,  qu.  of  Ceylon,  328,  329. 
Ling  dy  at  pagoda,  318. 
Iiocal  coins  of  N.  India,  143,  148. 
Lohara,  dy.  of  Kashmir,  I,  271  ;  II,  272. 
Iiokanatha,  Nepalese  d.,  288. 
IiOkaprakaSa,  Nepalese  prince,  288  n. 
IiongTP^i^ler,  U.,  on  Sassanian  coins,  217, 

219. 
Lowsley,  Mr.,  on  coins  of  Ceylon,  328. 
Itucknow,  coins  in  Provincial  Museum  at, 

185. 
Lydia,  early  coinage  of,  133,  310. 
«  Lyrist '  ty.,  96,  101. 
Iiysias,  Indo-Greek  k.,  5,  14,  135. 

'  Slacedonian  soldier'  ty.,  66. 
Madana-pala,  k.  of  Kanauj,  257,  260. 
Madana  simha  deva,  k.  of  Champaran,  282, 

293. 
SXadana-varman,  Chandella  k.,  250,  253. 
Madhari-puta,  see  Sivalakura, 
madras  Museum,  coin  catalogues  of,  311. 


342 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Magachha,  Malava  I:,  177. 
Magaja,  Malava  k.,  176. 
Magaja6a,  Malava  h.,  175. 
Mag-ojava,  Malava  I:,  176. 
Maha-Kosala,=E.  Chedi,  251,  254. 
Mahi'iLs/iatra)>ai^  of  Suriishtia,  9!),  123. 
Maharaya,  Malava  k..  163,  177. 
Malia  Samada  Raja,  k.  of  Arakan,  831,  332. 
Mahasena,  d.,  =  Karttikeya,  76. 
Maheudra,  title  of  Kumaragupta  I,  111. 
Slaliicliandra,  k.  of  Kanauj,  257. 
Mahimitra,  Audumbara  Ji.,  166 
Mahindra  sijuha,  Ncpalese  Ic ,  286. 
Mahipala,  J:,  of  Ajmlr  and  Delhi,  256,  260. 
Mahipatindra    malla,    Nepalese    k.,    286, 

289  «. 
Mahmud,  k.  of  Ghaznl,  245. 
Mahoba,  ci.,  capital  of  Chandella  di/.,  250. 
Mahodaya,  c/.,  =  Kanauj,  q.v.,  241. 
(?)  Majupa,  Malava  A.,  175. 
Malava  or  Vikrama  era,  63  ;  symbol,  145  ; 

tribe  and  coins,  160,  161,  170. 
Malavikagnimitra  drama,  184. 
Malaya-varmaxi,  k.  of  Narwar,  257,  262. 
Malla,  d7j.  of  Nepal,  281,  284. 
Mallei  tribe,  160. 
Managnla,  satrap,  59. 
Mananka  (?  =  Manadeva),  Nepalese  it.,  280, 

283. 
Manao-bago,  the  moon  d.,  76. 
Manipnr  co.,  coins  of,  297,  309. 
Manjddi  seed  used  as  VFeight,  310. 
Mao,  the  moon  d.,  70,  &c. 
Mapaka,  Malava  ^•.,  176, 
Mapaya,  Malava  h.,  175. 
Mapojaya,  Malava  k.,  175. 
Mar  (Merv),  ci.,  Sassanian  mint,  227,  229, 

230. 
Maraja,  Malava  k.,  111. 
Maria  Z,  Donna,  qu,  of  Portugal,  118. 
Markoff,  M.   A.  de,  catalogued  Sassanian 

coins,  231  n. 
MaSapa,  Malava  k.,  176. 
Mansa  coin  of  Ceylon,  328. 
Mathari  (Madhari),  Andhra  qu.,  208,  209. 
Mathura,  ci.,  dy.  and  coins  of,  61  n.,   190, 

192. 
Manes,  Indo-Parthian  k.,  35,  36,  38. 
Mauludl  era,  326. 
(?)  Maya,  Malava  k.,   163,  174. 
Meg'ba  cbandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  277. 
Menander,  Indo-Greek  k.,  4,  5,  6,  22,  135. 
Merv,  Sassanian  mint,  227,  229,  230. 
Metric  system  of  N.  India,  134  ;  of  S.  India, 

310. 
Miaios,  k.,  v.  I.  for  Hcraios,  q.  v.,  94. 


Mihira,  title  of  Bhojadeva,  q.  v.,  241. 
Mihiragiila,  Wliite  Hun  k.,  232,  236,  266. 
Miiro  (Mioro,  Minro),  solar  d.,  70,  &c. 
Milinda  (Milindra),  =  Menander,  k.,  q.v.,  4. 
Mints,    AhOm,   301,   304 ;    Sassanian,   219, 

225-30;  ofTipu,  326. 
Mithradates  I  and  II,  k.  of  Parthia,  35,  36, 

02,  191,  218. 
'Mitra'    coins    of   Ajodhya,    144;    of    N. 

Panchala,  184,  186. 
Moa,  =  Maues,  q.  v. 
Molucca  bean,  or  kajanju,  310. 
Monogrrams  and  marks,  7,  PI.  vii,  x,  xviii. 
Mughal  coinage  imitated  in  Nepal,  281. 
Muhammad  bin  Sam,  k.,  256. 
Muhammad  the  Mahdi,  of  Bukhara,  230. 
Multan,  ci.,  Vahi-tigin  probably  k.  of,  232. 
Museums,  A.  S.  B.    and   I.  M.,    Pref.    and 

Gen.  Introd.  ;  Lucknow,  185  ;   Madras, 

311. 
Muttra,  ci.,  see  Mathura. 
Mysore,  co.,  coins  of,  322,  323,  325. 

Nab  (?  Ni),  Sassanian  mint,  227. 

Naga,  dy.  and  coins,  162,  164,  178. 

Nag°ar,  ci.,  Malava  coins  from,  161. 

Nah  (Mih).  Sassanian  mint,  228. 

Wahavend,  battle  of,  218. 

Nameless  King",  =  Soter  Megas,  q.  v. 

Nanaia  (Nana  shao),  Persian  d.,  70,  &c. 

Nandigupta,  k.  of  Kashmir,  270. 

Nandipuda  symbol,  148,  150,  315. 

Napki,  A-.,  232,  235,  242. 

Wara  Baladitya,  Gupta  7;:.,  98,  119. 

Narbada  river,  96. 

Narendra  Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  278. 

Narendraditya,  k.  of  Kaslimir,  265. 

Narendragnpta,     fc.,  =  Sasanka,     5,1-.,     98, 

121. 
Narses  (Narsahi),  Sassanian  k.,  217,  223. 
Narwar,  ci.,  coins  of,  164,  257,  272. 
Naushirwan,  epithet  of  Khusru  I,  q.  v.,  217, 

228. 
Nepal,  CO.,  position  of,  280 ;  dy.  and  coins 

of,  281-93;  era  of,  281, 
Newar  era,  =  Nepali,  281. 
Nickel,  in  coins,  9  n. 
Nike,  d.,  ly.,  13,  17,  22,  26,  29,  33,  39,  43, 

56,  57,  58,  62. 
Nikias,  Indo-Greck  k.,  5,  6. 
Ni6i5anka  malla,  k.  of  Ceylon,  327, 
Nivasa  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  287,  288/1. 
Northern  India,  mediaeval  dy.  of,  256. 
Nripendra,  Nepalese  k.,  285. 
Numerals  on  coins  of  Ohind,  245. 
Nushirwan,  =  Naushirwan,  q.  v. 


_lK^_ 


GENERAL  INDEX 


343 


Oado,  d.,  the  wind-god,  74. 

Oanao  (Oaninda),  d.,  78. 

Obeidallah  bin  Ziad,  Arab  governor,  229. 

Octagonal  Assamese  coins,  295  ;  of  Ceylon, 

330. 
Odumbara,  =  Audumbara,  q.v.,  160,  166. 
Oesho  (Oesha",  d.,  70,  &c. 
Ohind,  ci.,  Hindu  kings  and  coins  of,  243-9, 

274. 
Omiah  bin  Abdallah,  Arab  governor,  230. 
Omphis,  k.  of  Taxila,  13.5. 
Onia  (Onio),  (7.,  78. 
Onones,  =  Vonones,  q.v.,  35. 
Ooemo,  =  Kadphise3  II,  q.v.,  36,  63,  68. 
Orlagno,  (/.,  71. 
Ormazd,  d.,  220,  223. 
Orodes  I,  k.  of  Parthia,  64  n. 
Ortbagrnes,  Indo-Parthian  h.,  36,  37,  57. 
Owl  ty..  17,  26. 
Oz-liead  ty.,  27. 
Oxydrakai,  or  Kshudraka,  tribe,  160. 

Pachba,  Malava  k.,  176. 
Padama,  I:  of  Ohind,  243,  244. 
Padma  tanka,  a  gold  coin,  311,  317. 
Padmavati,  ci.,  Narwar,  the  Naga  capital, 

164. 
Pag^oda,  a  gold  coin,  310. 
Pahlavi  language  and  script,  217,  219. 
Pakores  (Pakura),   Indo  Parthian    k.,   36, 

37,  58. 
Pallas,  d.,  ty.,  9,  18,  21-6,  28,  41,  44,  48,  49, 

2-4. 
Fana,  a  weight  or  a  coin,  134. 
Panobala,  N,,  co.,  coins  of,  184,  186. 
Panjab,  various  h.  of,  4,  14-16,  21,  30,  31. 
Pantaleon,  Indo-Greek  k.,  3,  5,  10,  147. 
Parakrama  Babu,  k.  of  Ceylon,  327,  329. 
Paramardin,  Chandella  k.,  250,  253,  257. 
Partba,  k.  of  Kashmir,  270. 
Partbia,   relations   with    India    of,    35-8, 

191. 
Parviz,   epithet   of  Khusru  II,   q.  v.,  218, 

228. 
Pasaka,  Later  Kushan  k.,  89. 
Pa^upati,  (?)  d.  or  k.,  281,  283. 
Pataliputra,  ci.,  the  Gupta  capital,  95. 
Patan,  ci.  in  Nepal,  280,  284,  287. 
Pavata  (Parvata),  k.  of  Kosam,  146,  155. 
Paya,  Malava  &.,  163,  177. 
Peacock  ty.,  97,  113,  115,  116,  118. 
Perma,  Chalukya  k.,  313. 
Persia,  Sassanian  coins  of,  217-31. 
Persian  legends  on  Assamese  and  Nepalese 

coins,  281,  285,  296,  301,  304. 
Peukelaos,  Indo-Greek  k.,  5,  6. 


Peyasa,  Later  Kushan  k.,  127. 
Pbalgr«ni-mitra,   /;.    of   N.    Pauchala,    185, 

188. 
Pbarro,  d.,  71,  79. 

Pbiloxenos,  Indo-Greek  k.,  6,  30,  135. 
Pholid  dam,  a  Nepalese  copper  coin,  293. 
Pbuleivari,  AhOm  qu.,  300,  30). 
Pipala,  k.  of  Macharl,  258,  263. 
Pirtbiraj,  =  Prithvl  Raji  Chaulian,  q.  v. 
Pitbania  cbandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangrii,  274, 

275. 
(?)  Pitbi,  k,  258,  263. 
Plato,  Biclrian  k.,  6. 
(?)  Polyzenos,  k.,  6, 
Pondicherry,   ci.,   the    French    capital    in 

India,  319. 
Portonovo,  ci.,  mint,  320. 
Portuguese  coins,  311-18. 
Poseidon,  d.,  ty.,  11,  43. 
Potin,  a  mixed  metal,  208,  210-1.3. 
Prabbasa,  title  of  Bhojadeva,  q.v.,  241. 
Praka^aditya,  a  Gupta  k.,  98,  119. 
Prakaia  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  287. 
Pramatba  simba,   Assamese  k.,  295,    298, 

302. 
PramatbeSvari,  Assamese  ju.,  296,  300 »., 

301. 
Pratapa,  title  of  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  323-5. 
Pratapa    (Pratapaditya),  k.    of   Kashmir, 

265,  268. 
Pratapa  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  285. 
Pratapa  simba,  Nepalese  k.,  290 ;  Assamese 

Ahom  k.,  299. 
Prayaga,  ci.,  =  Allahabad,  9.5. 
Pritbvideva  I,  II,  k.  of  E.  Chedi,  251,  254. 
Pritbvi  narayana,  Nepalese  k.,  281,  289. 
Pritbvi  Baja,  Chauhan  k.,  257,  261. 
Pritbvi  simba  deva,  k.  of  Champaran,  282. 
Pritbvi  vira  vikrama,  Nepalese  k.,  293. 
Priti,  (?)  k.  of  Arakan,  331,  332. 
Provenance  of  coins,  143. 
Pudukota,  CO.,  coin  of,  321. 
Puliimavi,  Andhra  k.,  209,  210. 
Pnncb-marked  coins,  silver  and  copper,  131, 

136;  gold,  311. 
Pura^pta,  k.  of  Gupta  dy.,  98,  119. 
Pwrdnn,  =piuich-marked  coin,  134,  1.39. 
Purandara,  d.,  =Indra,  296,  307. 
Pnran-dukbt,  Sassanian  qu.,  218. 
Puri,  cL,  rude  coins  from,  64. 
Purusbadatta,  k.  of  Mathura,  190,  192. 

Queen,  Didda  of  Kashmir,  271  ;  Lilavatl  of 

Ceylon,  328,  329. 
Queens,  Assamese,  296, 300-2  ;  Bactrian  and 

Indo  Greek,  5. 


344 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Bad  (Lad),  Sassanian  mint,  227,  229. 

Bag-hava  deva,  K:  of  Nepal,  281. 

BajaSya,  ro.  and  coins,  164,  179. 

Bajaraja,  Chela  /.-.,  327. 

Bajendra  vikrama,  Nepalese  i.,  291. 

Rajei^vara  simha,  Assamese  *-..  29G,  303. 

'Ktijpntdi/.,  25G. 

Bal,  Sassanian  mint,  229. 

Bam,  guardian  of  FirOz  k.,  227  n. 

Bama  Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  278. 

Bamadatta,  k.  of  Ajodhya,  190,  193. 

Bama  Bgja,  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  322,  325. 

Bama  simha,  k.  of  Jayantapura,  308. 

Bama  simha  manikya,  k.  of  Tippenih,  297, 

308. 
Bama  varma,  k.  of  Travancore,  316. 
Bamnagar,  ci.,  =  Ahichhatra,  q.v.,  97,  184. 
Eana  Bahadur,  Nepalese  k.,  290. 
Banajita  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  282,  284. 
Bangrpur,  ci.,  A  horn  mint,  304,  306. 
BanjubTila   (Bajuvnla),   satrap,  56  n.,  190, 

191,  196. 
Bapson,  Indian  Coins,  6,  37,  &c. 
Bathor,  dy.  of  Kanauj,  257,  260. 
£ati  seed  used  as  weight,  134,  310, 
Batnadeva,  k.  of  E.  Chedi,  251,  255. 
Batuapura  (Batanpur),   d.,   capital   of  E. 

Chedi,  251. 
Batnaraja  X,  ZX,  XZX,  k.  of  E.  Chedi,  251, 

255. 
Bawliuson,  Canon,  historian  of  Persia,  219. 
Bhinoceros  <i^.,  132,  139,  145,  154. 
Bivett-Carnac,  cabinet  of  coins,  100  n. 
Bohilkhand,  co.,=N.  Panchala,  184. 
*  Boman  head  '  iy.,  185. 
Budradaman,  W.  Satrap,  123,  165. 
Budrasena,  W.  Satrap,  son  of  Rudradaman, 

125  ;   son  of  Rudrasimha,  124 ;   son  of 

Vlradanian,  124. 
Budra  simha,  Assamese  Ahom  k.,  294,  299  ; 

W.    Satrap,    son    of   Jivadaman,    126 ; 

W,   Satrap,  son  of  Rudradaman,  123 ; 

W.  Satrap,  son  of  Satyasiihha,  97. 
Bupa  Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  276,  276. 
liiipdk:  it i  legend,  104. 


Sahhajita  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  284. 

Sada^iva  Baya,  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  322,  324. 

Safdar  'Ali  Khan,  Nawab,  326. 

Sahasa  malla,  k.  of  Ceylon,  330. 

Sahi  dy.,  244,  245, 

6aka  (Saka)  era,  245,  281,  296. 

Sakala,  ci.,  cajiital  of  Mihirakula,  232. 

Sakanibhari(Saml}har),  ci.,  dy.  of,  257,  261. 

Saktisimha,  k.  of  Champaraii,  282. 


Saktivarman,  E.  Chalukya  A-.,  311,  313. 
Salim  bin  Ziad,  Arab  governor,  230. 
Sallakshana-pala  deva,  Tomara  7c.,  256,  259. 
Sallakshanavarman,  Chandolla  k.,  250. 
Sallet,  von,  on  successors  of  Alexander,  6,  37. 
Salt  Bange,  co.,  3,  7. 
Samanta  deva,  title  of  7i;.  of  Ohind,  243,  247  ; 

of  Pipala,  2o8,  263  ;    of  Somesvara  and 

Prithvi  Raja,  261  ;  of  k.  of  Kangra,  274, 

275. 
Samudragnpta,  k.  of  Gupta  dy.,  95,  101, 160, 

164,  165,  280. 
Sana,  Later  Kushan  k.,  89. 
Sangframa,  k.  of  Kashmir,  271. 
Sankaravarman,  k.  of  Kashmir,  244,  265, 

267,  269. 
Sanskrit  legends  on  Assamese  coins,  296. 
Sapadbizes  (Sapaleizes),  k.,  65,  94. 
Sapor,  =  Shapur,  k.,  q.  v. 
SaptakotiSvara,  d,,  a  name  of  Siva,  314. 
Survardjochchhettd,  Gupta  epithet,  96,  100. 
SarvvayaSa,  Little  Yueh-chi  k.,  90. 
Sarve^vari,  Assamese  qtc,  300  n.,  302. 
Sasanka,  k.  of  Gauda,  98,  121, 
Sasana  legend,  38. 
Sassanian  dy.  of  Persia,  217. 
Satakarni,  Andhra  title,  210. 
Satrap,  a  Persian  title,  191. 
Satraps,  of  Mathura  and  Taxila,  190,  191, 

195 ;  Western,  97,  99,  123. 
Satya-mitra,  k.  of  Ajodhya,  150. 
Sayatha,  Later  Kushan  k.,  89. 
Seistan,  co.,  see  Sistan. 
Seleukidan  era,  6  7i. 
Seleukos  Nikator,  k.  of  Syria,  7  n. 
Seringapatam,  ci.,  326. 
Seshadatta,  k.  of  Mathura,  190. 
Shahdherl,  site  of  Taxila,  147. 
Shahi  (Shahiya)  dy.,  244. 
Shahi-tigin,  k.,  see  Vahi-tigln. 
Shahryar,  Sassanian  k.,  218, 
Shan  (Shanx)  nation,  294. 
Shaoreoro  (Shahrewar),  d.,  79, 
Shapur  X,  IX,  XII,  Sassanian  k.,  217,  218, 

221,  224,  225. 
Shi,  Sassanian  mint,  228. 
Shield  ty.,  9. 

Shihab-ud-din,  h.,  256,  257. 
'  Ship  '  ty. ,  209. 
Sialkot,  ci.,  =  Sakala,  232. 
Siddhi  nara  simha,  Nepalese  k.,  281,  287. 
Sikim,  CO.,  coins  of,  297,  309. 
Silahara  dy.,  233. 
Sind,  CO.,  36,  37. 

Singara  Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  277. 
Sistan,  co.,  Indo-Parthian  k.   of,  35-7,   57, 


GENERAL  INDEX 


345 


58  ;  Vasu  coins  from,  64,  87  ;  Kushano- 

Sassanian  coins  of,  64,  91. 
Siiuchandradatta,  L  of  Mathura,  190. 
Sita  (SIta),  Later  Kushan  k.,  89. 
6iva,  (?)  k.  of  Arakan,  331,  332. 
'  Siva   and  bull '  tif.,  84,  87,   88,  91  ;    and 

ParvatI  ty.,  320. 
Sivadatta,  k.  of  Ajodhya,   144,   149;  k.  of 

Mathura,  190. 
Sivalakura,  Andlira  A-.,  208,  209. 
Siva  simh.a  (Sib  Singfli),  Assamese  Ahom 

h.,  300-2. 
Siyadoni  inscription,  251  n. 
Skandagnpta,  k.  of  Gupta  ily.,  97,  117,  127. 
Sodasa,  satrap  of  Mathura,  190,  191,  196. 
'  Solomon's  seal '  device,  316. 
Some^vara,  Chauhiin  h.,  257,  261. 
Sona-deva,  k.,  258,  268. 
Sonpatli,  Yaudheya  coins  from,  165. 
Sophytes,  h.  of  Salt  Range,  3,  6,  7. 
Soter  Megfas,  Indo-Parthian  /i.,  59. 
Southern  India,  coinage  of,  310. 
Spalagfadama,    Indo-Parthian  viceroy,  35, 

41. 
Spalahora  (Spalyris),  Indo-Parthian  h.,  35, 

41. 
Spalapati-deva,  h.  of  Ohind,  243,  244,  246. 
Spalirislia  (Spalirises),  Indo-Parthian  k., 

35,  42. 
'  Spearman'  ty.,  102. 
Sruta  legend,  258,  264. 
'  Stag'  ty.,  167. 
'  Standard'  fy.,  100. 
'  Star  '  pagoda  coin,  310. 
Stein,  Dr.,  on  Shahiya  dy.,  246. 
btrategos,  =  satrap,  53  n. 
Strato  I  and  XI,  Indo-Greek  Tc.,  6,  21,  28  n. 
Stupa  or  chaitya,  on  punch-marked  coins, 

131,  132,  137-41. 
Sugandha  Rani,  qu.  of  Kashmir,  270. 
Suklenmnn,  Assamese  Ahom  k.,  296,  298. 
Sunenpha,  ditto,  295,  298,  302. 
Sunet,  ci,,  votive  tablets  from,  165. 
Snnga  dy.,  145,  184. 

Supatpha,  Assamese  AhOm  h,  295,  298. 
Suraslitra,  or  Kathiawar,  22,  97,  99. 
Surendra  vikrama,  Nepalese  k.,  291. 
Snrga   (Svarga)   narayana,    Assamese   h., 

299. 
Snryamitra,  k.  of  N.  Panchala,  185,  188 ; 

k.  of  Mathura,  190,  195, 
Su^enpha,  Assamese  Ahom  h,  299. 
Sussala,  k.  of  Kashmir,  272. 
Swami  pagodas,  319,  320. 
Srastika  symbol,  132,  &c. 
Syalapati,  v.  I.  for  Spalapati,  h,,  q.  v. 

SMITH  A 


Tai  or  Shan  languages,  295. 

Talatrimatri,  </.,  287. 

'  Taurine '  symbol,  132,  &c. 

Taxila,  ci.,  Indo-Parthian  k.  of,  35,  38,  43, 

50;    various   coins   of,    133,    135,    MO, 

143,  147,  156,  157,  159,  202,  204. 
Taxilan  symbol,  157  n. 
Telephos,  Indo-Greek  h.,  6. 
Tewar,  ci.,  see  Tripuri. 
Thakuri  dy.  of  Nepal,  283. 
Theophilos,  Indo-Greek  k.,  31. 
Thomas,  E.,  on  Sassanian  coins,  217. 
Thomas,  St.,  cross  of,  318. 
Tihet  and  Nepal,  280,  281  ;  coins  of,  333. 
Tinnevelly,  co.,  coins  of,  310. 
Tipperah,  co.,  coins  of,  297,  308. 
Tlpu  (Tippoo),  Sultan,  of  Mysore,  323,  320. 
Tomara  <ly.  of  Ajmir  and  Delhi,  256,  259. 
Toramana,  White  Hun  h.,  232,  235  ;  h.  of 

Kashmir,  2C5-7. 
Trailokya-varma-deva,  Chandella  k.,  250, 

253. 
Travancore,  co.,  coins  of,  311,  315. 
Tribal  coins,  160. 

Tribhuvanagupta,  h.  of  Kashmir,  271. 
'Trident'  ty.,  9,  127. 
Trigarta,  co.,  =Kangra,  274. 
Trilochana-pala,  k.  of  Ohind,  244. 
Triloka  Chandra  deva,  k.  of  Kangra,  274,  279. 
'Tripod'  ty.,  20,  21,  27,  28,  29. 
Tripura,  co.,  =  Tipperah,  q.v. 
Tripuri,  ci.,  capital  of  W.  Chedi,  250. 
Triskeles  (Triskelis)  symbol,  132. 
Tu-fan,  co.,=Tibet,  280. 
Tufnell,  Hints  to  Coin  Collectors  in  8.  India, 

311. 
Tuttii,  a  copper  coin,  317. 

Udabhandapura,  ci.,  =  Ohind,  q.  v.,  244. 

Udaipnr,  Chhota,  co.,  297,  309. 

Ujjain,  ci.  of  Avanti  co.,  q.  v.,  145  ;  symbol, 

145,  152  71.,  209. 
Ulngh  Khan,  -  Balban,  k.  of  Delhi,  258. 
'Umbrella'  ty.,  109,  116. 
TJnd,  ci.,  =  Ohind,  q.  v. 
Undopherres,  =  Gondophares,  k.,  q.v.,  54. 
Utpala  dy.  of  Kashmir,  269. 
Uttamadatta,  k.  of  Mathura,  190,  193. 

Vada,  misreading  for  Chandra,  Andhra  7.-., 

q.v.,  209. 
Vagharsh,  Sassanian  k.,  217. 
Vah,  Sassanian  mint,  226. 
Vahi-tigin,  k.,  232,  234. 
Taisali,  ci.,  Lichchhavis  of,  95. 
Vai^ravana,  d.,  or  (?)  7;.,  281. 

a 


346 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Vakka-deva,  7i.  of  Ohind,  243,  248. 
ValabM,  ci.  and  co.,  coins  of,  127. 
Tdifiha  coin,  =  pagoda,  310. 
Varahran,  Sassanian  A.,  I,  II,  III,  IV,  217, 

222  ;  V,  217,  226  ;  VI  (Chobin),  228,  230, 

231. 
VasitM-puta,  soo  Pulumavi. 
Vasu,  (?)  =  Vasudeva,  q.  v.,  64,  87. 
Vasudeva,  Kushan  k.,  63,  64,  87. 
Vdtdscdka  legend,  147,  157. 
Veng-i,  ci.,  811,  312, 
Venka,  Ic,  v.  I.  for  Vakka,  q.  v.,  243  n. 
Venkate^vara,  k.  of  Vijayanagar,  322,  325. 
Vigrraha,  ^■.(Visrariisadeva),  266,  269. 
Vigraliapala,  k.  of  Magadha,  I,  II,  III,  233, 

239. 
Vijaya  Baliu,  Jc.  of  Ceylon,  327,  329. 
Vijayachandra,  h.  of  Kanauj,  257. 
Vijaya-mitra,  Jc.  of  Ajodhya,  151. 
Vijayanagar,  ci.,  co.,  coins  of,  321-5. 
Vijayasena,  W.  Satrap,  124. 
Vikrama  or  Malava  era,  63. 
Vikramaditya,  title  of  Gupta  Jc.,  97,  104, 

109  ;  title  of  Gangeya-deva,  250. 
Vilivayakura  II,  AndhraA:.,  208,  210. 
Vinayaditya,  I:  of  Kashmir,  266,  269. 
Viradaman,  W.  Satrap,  125. 
(?)  Vira  Kramaditya,  k.,  122. 
Vira  Maheudra,  k.  of  Kathmandu,  Nepal, 

286. 
Vira  nara  simlia  malla,  Nepalese  prince, 

288. 
Virasena,  h.  of  Gangetic  Doab,  191,  197. 
Viravarman,  Chandella  7c.,  250,  254, 
Visakha-deva,  /.-.  of  Ajodhya,  144,  148. 
Vishamasiddhi,  E.  Chalukya  k.,  311,  312. 
Vislinu  chitta-deva,  Kadamba  k,,  314. 
VishnugTipta,  7.-.,  121. 
Vishnu  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  289. 


Visbnu-mitra,  k.  of  N.  Panchala,  185 ;  of 

Mathura,  190,  191. 
Vishnu   vardhana,    or    Yasodharman,    7;., 

266. 
Vi^ramsadeva,  v.  I.  for  Vigraha,  q.  v. 
Vi^va,  Little  Yueh-chi  7..,  90. 
Vi^vasena,  W.  Satrap,  126. 
Vi^vasimha,  W.  Satrap,  125. 
Vououes,  Indo-Parthian  7c.,  35,  40,  42. 

Wah,  Sassanian  mint,  226,  227. 
Waihind,  ci.,  =  Ohind,  q.  v. 
'Warrior'  iy.,  182. 
Western  Satraps,  97,  99,  123. 
White  Huns,  coins  of,  232,  233,  235. 
Wima,  k.,  ^  Kadphises  II,  g.  v.,  63. 
Wright,  Ilidory  of  Nepal,  282. 

Yajna  Sii,  Andhra  k.,  209,  212,  213, 
Ya'kub  Lais,  Muhammadan  general,  245. 
Yama,  Malava  7c.,  163,  174,  176. 
Yandaboo,  treaty  of,  331. 
Yarikriya,  (?)  7c.  of  Arakan,  331,  332. 
Ya^odaman,  W.  Satrap,  126. 
Ya^ovarman,  k.,  91  n.,  265,  268. 
Ya^ovigraha,  7c.  of  Kanauj,  257. 
Yaudheya  tribe  and  coins,  165,  180,  281. 
Yezdeglrd,   Sassanian  7c.,  I,  217,  225;   II, 

217,  226  ;  III,  218. 
Yodheya,  see  Yaudheya. 
Yogamati,  Nepalese  qw.,  288. 
Yoga  narendra  malla,  Nepalese  7c.,  288. 
Yoga  prakasa  malla,  Nepalese  k.,  289. 
Yueh-chi,  Little,  horde,  64. 

Zeidnises,  satrap,  37,  38,  58. 

Zeus,  d.,  ty.,  7,  10,  13,  15,  17,  31,32,  39,  40, 

42,  43,  50,  54,  57,  61. 
Zoilos,  Indo-Greek  k.,  6,  28  n.,  30. 


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